History of Architecture Byzantine Architecture Zulkifli Husin

The Byzantine Empire 324 Constantine transfers capital from Rome to Constantinople (Byzantium)

410 * Rome is sacked & empire is divided * Ravenna is capital of the West * Constantinople is capital of the East (Byzantine Empire)

476 Western Empire falls to Germanic tribes

539 Justinian recaptures Ravenna & reunites it with the Eastern (Byzantine) Empire

Introduction Byzantine architecture was a continuation and refinement of Roman styles and techniques. The basilica plan continued in use – as in the Church of S. Apollinare in Classe, Ravenna.

S. Apollinare In Classe - Ravenna The characteristic nave, side aisles, apse and clerestory windows are all clearly evident.

S. Apollinare In Classe - Ravenna The exterior similarly reveals the basilica style, though this is a building less grand and imposing than the Basilica of Constantine in Rome.

Central Plan Churches Sta. Constanza in Rome (350 AD), the mausoleum for Constantine’s daughter, provided a model for Christian architects who sought to use the more perfect form of the circle in their designs, without the massive drum of the Pantheon. Curiously, the idea originated in Roman bath houses.

Sta. Constanza - Rome

Sta. Constanza – Rome Note the annular vaulting of the surrounding aisle.

S. Vitale - Ravenna Circular, central plan churches were very difficult to build. Octagons supporting domes became a popular and simpler to construct alternative.

S. Vitale - Ravenna

S. Vitale - Ravenna Note how a series of large supporting piers rises to support the dome. Gone is the Pantheon’s great drum and windowless walls.

S. Vitale - Ravenna Around the central space run side aisles, beyond the flanking pillars, which gives additional space in a similar fashion to that of a basilica design.

S. Vitale - Ravenna The austere brick exterior belied an incredibly ornate interior of veined marble and intricate mosaics.

Emperor Justinian In the 6th century, the Emperor Justinian embarked on an ambitious building programme. He vastly enlarged the empire, but also decided to build the most magnificent building on the planet. His capital was packed with subject people from all around his vast empire – brand new people with enormous skills.

Justinian’s Building Projects

Hagia Sophia The architects Anthemius of Tralles and Isodorus of Miletus were commissioned to create the greatest interior to that time.

Hagia Sophia The architects overcame a significant engineering problem – how to place a dome upon a square base.

Building Domes Octagonal buildings achieved this through transitional arches or corbelling features in an architectural design known as a squinch

Building Domes Squinch in the Ibn Tulun Mosque in Cairo, Egypt.

Building Domes Arthemius and Isodorus’ soloution was revolutionary. They used triangular transition features from four massive support piers to a drum and then to the shallow dome above.

Hagia Sophia This 1852 lithography clearly shows two of the great pendentives. Beyond them can be seen one of the apses, whose half dome serves to resist the outward thrust of the building and to enlarge the great interior space.

Hagia Sophia Figure Cutaway isometric from Great Architecture of the World The building was enormous and complex, requiring tremendous mathematical precision.

Hagia Sophia

Hagia Sophia Figure : Sections and Elevations from Bannister Fletcher 1924

Hagia Sophia Hagia Sophia – as it would have appeared without the minarets, which were added during the Moslem era.

Hagia Sophia – as it appears today in Istanbul.

The Byzantine Legacy Central planned churches, based on domes were copied extensively by later builders. St. Basil’s, in Moscow, is a particularly exuberant example.

Kapitan Keling Mosque, Penang, Malaysia The Byzantine Legacy Kapitan Keling Mosque, Penang, Malaysia Islamic builders adopted the domed central plan as a model for virtually all mosques. Mosque, Richmond, BC

The Byzantine Legacy Contact with Constantinople through trade convinced even the Venetians to adopt this style of Church. San Marco Cathedral is the direct result.

The Byzantine Legacy Byzantine influence is unmistakable in Renaissance structures, like the dome of the second St. Peter’s Cathedral in Rome.

The Byzantine Legacy And, of course, the tradition continues in Greek Orthodox churches throughout the world today.

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