Figure 3 Energy metabolism regulation, cardiovascular and bone disease in CKD Figure 3 | Energy metabolism regulation, cardiovascular and bone disease.

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Figure 3 Energy metabolism regulation, cardiovascular and bone disease in CKD Figure 3 | Energy metabolism regulation, cardiovascular and bone disease in CKD. Altered levels of several molecules such as bone morphogenetic protein (BMP), 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D, parathyroid hormone (PTH), fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF-23), insulin, uraemic toxins and cardiac natriuretic peptides, as well as dysfunctional processes such as altered energy balance, adipocyte function, blood pressure and volume control are key risk factors for chronic kidney disease (CKD), bone disease and cardiovascular disease. Zoccali, C. et al. (2017) The systemic nature of CKD Nat. Rev. Nephrol. doi:10.1038/nrneph.2017.52