Figure 1 Phylogenetic analysis of BMP superfamily molecules

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Figure 1 Phylogenetic analysis of BMP superfamily molecules Figure 1 | Phylogenetic analysis of BMP superfamily molecules. Protein sequences from flies and humans were aligned to assess evolutionary relationships between bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) superfamily molecules. Human proteins are designated in all capital letters; only the first letter of fly proteins is capitalized. For ligands, preproprotein sequences were used for alignments. The longest known isoform of each molecule was used when applicable. Molecules are grouped into a | ligands, b | type I and type II receptors and c | SMADs. Branch lengths are drawn to scale; the scale bar indicates to the number of amino acid substitutions per site between two compared sequences. ACV, activin; ACVR, activin receptor; ALK, activin receptor-like kinase; AMH, anti-Müllerian hormone; AMHR2, AMH receptor-2; BMPR, BMP receptor; GDF, growth/differentiation factor; INHβ, inhibin β; co-SMAD, common SMAD; I-SMAD, inhibitory SMAD; R-SMAD, receptor-activated SMAD; TGF-β, transforming growth factor β; TGFBR, TGF-β receptor. Gamer, L. W. & Rosen, V. et al. (2016) BMP signalling in skeletal development, disease and repair Nat. Rev. Endocrinol. doi:10.1038/nrendo.2016.12