Intrinsic factors regulating stem cell self‐renewal.

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Intrinsic factors regulating stem cell self‐renewal. Intrinsic factors regulating stem cell self‐renewal. (A) p16Ink4a is a potent inhibitor of the G1‐ to S‐phase transition in the cell cycle. To allow cell cycle entry, p16Ink4a must be repressed. Many factors have been reported to silence p16Ink4a gene expression in adult stem cells including Bmi1, Hmga2, p63, Ezh1/2 and HDAC1/2. (B) Some self‐renewal factors seem to be tailored to suit the context‐dependent needs of a stem cell niche. One example is HFSC‐enriched factor Tbx1, which suppresses BMP signalling to allow HFSC self‐renewal in the BMP‐high microenvironment of the bulge niche. Bmi1, B‐lymphoma Moloney murine leukaemia virus insertion region 1; BMP, bone morphogenetic protein; Ezh1/2, enhancer of zeste homologue 1/2; HDAC1/2, histone deacetylase 1/2; HFSC, hair follicle stem cell; Hmga2, high mobility group AT‐hook 2; p16Ink4a, tumour suppressor protein encoded by the Ink4a gene locus; Tbx1, T‐box transcription factor 1. Elaine Fuchs, and Ting Chen EMBO Rep. 2013;14:39-48 © as stated in the article, figure or figure legend