Locating Places on A Map Geography 20F Unit 1: Geographic Literacy

Compass Points and Bearings When you are reading a map it is very important to know where north, south, east and west are. On a map reference to compass points (N,S,E,W) are shown on a compass rose. Directions can be given more accurately if degrees (compass bearings) are used rather than compass points. Compass bearings measure the angle of a direction in relation to North, moving clockwise.

Grid Systems The most common way to locate places on a map is to use a grid system. We will look at three grid systems: Alphanumeric Grid Map Grid (Military Grid) Longitude and Latitude Uses letters and numbers to identify squares in a grid pattern. It is often used on road maps A B C 1 2 3

Grid Systems Map or Military Grid This type of grid system is usually used on topographic maps. Four-Digit Grid Reference Each vertical line is called an easting and runs from the top to bottom of a map. Each easting is identified by a two digit number which refers to the column to the right of the line. Each horizontal line is called a northing and refers to the row above it. By combining the two digits from the easting and the two digits from the northing we are able to identify a specific square on the map.

2. Map Grid (Military Grid) The Flag is located at – 67E42N Anywhere city is located at –65E44N

Grid Systems Longitude and Latitude Latitude Longitude This type of grid divides the Earth into a series of grid squares. Latitude is measured north and south of the equator. Longitude is measured east and west of the prime meridian. The location is always recorded with latitude written first followed by longitude. Ex. 10 N 25 W Latitude Longitude

Latitude Lines of Latitude run from the Equator North and South to the Poles Also known as Parallels They are measured in degrees 0-90 NORTH and 0-90 South from the equator. 0 Degrees is called the Equator Splits the Northern and Southern Hemispheres Each degree of latitude is equal to 110km in distance

Significant Lines of Latitude

Longitude Lines of Longitude run from the North Pole to the South Also called Meridians They are measured in degrees 0-180 EAST and 0-180 West from 0 degrees. 0 Degrees is called the Prime Meridian Runs directly through Greenwich, England 180 Degrees is called the International Date Line

Significant Lines of Longitude Prime Meridian 0 degrees IDL 180 degrees E or W

Hemispheres The world can be divided up into 4 Hemispheres Northern Hemisphere Southern Hemisphere Separated by the equator Eastern Hemisphere Western Hemisphere Separated by the Prime Meridian

Great Circles and Small Circles Great Circles: is any circle drawn on a globe (or other sphere) with a center which divides the globe into two equal halves. Examples: Equator and Prime Meridian Small Circles: is any circle drawn on a globe (or other sphere) with a center which does not divide the globe into two equal halves. Examples: Lines of Latitude

Longitude and Latitude 75 N 90 W 60 N 60 E 60 N 120 W 15 N 45 W 0 150 W

Latitude and Longitude Complete Latitude Longitude Assignment 1 & Assignment 2

Longitude and Time Zones The theory behind time zones is quite simple: Since Earth rotates around its axis once every 24 hours there are 24 time zones around the Earth, with 1 hour difference between them Since Earth rotates through 360 degrees in 24 hours it must rotate through 15 degrees in 1 hour (360/24=15) Every place within a time zone has the same time, this time is referred to as standard time. Countries are able to modify the shape of their time zone and the standard time they use.

Time Zones

Canadian Time Zones

International Date Line When sailors first sailed around the world they would arrive home either a day ahead or a day behind the those who stayed behind. To correct this the International Date Line was established. It runs between the North and South poles and generally follows the 180 degree line of longitude through the Pacific Ocean. If you cross the date line going westward, you add a day. If you cross the date line going eastward, you lose a day.

Daylight Savings Time Daylight savings time is used to extend the hours of day light into the evening when most people are awake. In Canada and the USA, daylight savings time starts on the first Sunday in March and ends on the first Sunday in November. In other words you “spring forward” in the spring and “fall back” in the fall. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=84aWtseb2-4

Assignment Complete World Time Zones and What Time is it Worksheet!

Rotations and Revolutions The earth rotates and revolves around the sun on an axis of 23.5◦ This movement around the sun and on its axis creates day and night as well as the seasons.

Rotations Spinning of the earth on its axis (23.5◦) 1 rotations = 24 hours long = 1 day (23 hours & 56 mins) Day/night are based on the side of the earth that is facing the sun

Revolutions As the earth spins on its axis, its moves in an Elliptical orbit around the sun 1 revolution = 365.25 days  every 4 years =Leap Year The revolution is marked by solstices which mark the longest or shortest daylight hours of the year In the Northern Hemisphere Summer Solstice – June 21st (longest day of the year) Winter Solstice – December 21st (shortest day of the year) Spring Equinox – March 21st (Equal Hours of Day and Night) Autumnal Equinox – September 22nd (Equal Hours of Day and Night

Seasons Using Earth labeled “A” answer the following questions:   The sun’s rays are directly hitting the _____________________________________________ The name of this occurrence is called the _________________________________________ This event signifies the start of which season ____________________________________ This event falls on the following date each year __________________________________ Using Earth labeled “B” answer the following questions: Using Earth labeled “C” answer the following questions: Using Earth labeled “D” answer the following questions:

Seasons Using Earth labeled “A” answer the following questions: Using Earth labeled “C” answer the following questions:   The sun’s rays are directly hitting the Equator The name of this occurrence is called the Spring Equinox This event signifies the start of which season Spring This event falls on the following date each year March 21 Using Earth labeled “D” answer the following questions: The sun’s rays are directly hitting the Tropic of Cancer The name of this occurrence is called the Summer Solstice This event signifies the start of which season Summer This event falls on the following date each year June 21st Using Earth labeled “A” answer the following questions:   The sun’s rays are directly hitting the Equator The name of this occurrence is called the Autumnal or Fall Equinox This event signifies the start of which season Fall This event falls on the following date each year September 22 Using Earth labeled “B” answer the following questions: The sun’s rays are directly hitting the Tropic of Capricorn The name of this occurrence is called the Winter Solstice This event signifies the start of which season Winter This event falls on the following date each year December 21