World War I AP US History Mrs. Lacks

Four Major Causes of War?

1. Alliances Triple Entente: Triple Alliance: Great Britain France Russia Germany Austria - Hungary Italy

Two Armed Camps Allied Powers: Central Powers: Italy, Japan, & the US will later join Allies Ottoman Empire (Turkey) and Bulgaria will later join central powers

Victor Emmanuel II [It] The Major Players Allied Powers: Central Powers: Nicholas II [Rus] George V [Br] Wilhelm II [Ger] Victor Emmanuel II [It] Enver Pasha [Turkey] Franz Josef [A-H] Pres. Poincare [Fr]

1910-1914 Increase in Defense Expenditures 2. Militarism/Arms Race Total Defense Expenditures for the Great Powers [Ger., A-H, It., Fr., Br., Rus.] in millions of £s. 1870 1880 1890 1900 1910 1914 94 130 154 268 289 398 1910-1914 Increase in Defense Expenditures France 10% Britain 13% Russia 39% Germany 73%

3. Imperialism

4. Aggressive Nationalism

How did the war start? What was the spark?

US Involvement Why did the US take so long to get involved? America was isolationist (despite its new imperialist tendencies… meaning it was ok to get involved when we benefit)

Why did the US take so long to get involved? For three years, the US stayed neutral in the war Most Americans did not want to get involved… Not our fight Far away Expensive Traded with both sides Divided loyalties

Which side should the US support? Central Powers: 11 million German-Americans Irish-Americans hated Great Britain Allied Powers: Close cultural ties Shared transatlantic cables (so censored stories) Big business loaned much $ to allies

How did the US get involved? There are three major reasons the US got involved in WWI Blockades/Lusitania sinking Zimmerman Telegram More blockades/more ships sunk

Election of 1916 President Wilson won the Election of 1916 using the slogan, “He kept us out of war!” He secretly knew that we were getting closer to joining

“THE WORLD MUST BE MADE SAFE FOR DEMOCRACY “THE WORLD MUST BE MADE SAFE FOR DEMOCRACY. ITS PEACE MUST BE PLANTED UPON THE TESTED FOUNDATIONS OF POLITICAL LIBERTY. WE HAVE NO SELFISH ENDS TO SERVE. WE DESIRE NO CONQUEST, NO DOMINION. WE SEEK NO INDEMNITIES FOR OURSELVES, NO MATERIAL COMPENSATION FOR THE SACRIFICES WE SHALL FREELY MAKE.”

April 6, 1917

On the Homefront War Mobilization Enlistment

Most Famous Recruitment Poster

Uncle Sam - He’s the Man!

Don’t Mess with the US

Huns Kill Women and Children

The “Little Soldier”

World War I American Anthem https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6k9XZB6O26w

“Over There” Johnnie get your gun, get your gun, get your gun, Take it on the run, on the run, on the run, Hear them calling you and me, Every son of liberty. Hurry right away, no delay, go today, Make your daddy glad to have had such a lad, Tell your sweetheart not to pine, To be proud her boy's in line.

“Over There” Over there, over there Send the word, send the word over there That the Yanks are coming, the Yanks are coming, The drums rum-tumming everywhere So prepare, say a prayer Send the word, send the word to beware We'll be over, we're coming over, And we won't come back till it's over, over there!

“Over There” Johnnie get your gun, get your gun, get your gun, Johnnie show the Hun you're a son of a gun, Hoist the flag and let her fly, Yankee Doodle do or die. Pack your little kit, show your grit, do your bit, Yankees to the ranks from the towns and the tanks, Make your momma proud of you And the old Red White and Blue.

“Over There” Over there, over there Send the word, send the word over there That the Yanks are coming, the Yanks are coming, The drums rum-tumming everywhere So prepare, say a prayer Send the word, send the word to beware We'll be over, we're coming over, And we won't come back till it's over, over there!

Enlist!

Selective Service Act (1917) 24,000,000 men registered for the draft by the end of 1918. 4,800,000 men served in WW1(2,000,000 saw active combat). 400,000 African-Americans served in segregated units. 15,000 Native-Americans served as scouts, messengers, and snipers in non-segregated units.

"ALL A SOLDIER NEEDS TO KNOW IS HOW TO SHOOT AND SALUTE." On the Homefront Commander of American Forces: General John J. Pershing American soldiers were called “doughboys” "ALL A SOLDIER NEEDS TO KNOW IS HOW TO SHOOT AND SALUTE."

Expansion of the Federal Government Council of National Defense War Industries Board – Bernard Baruch Food Administration – Herbert Hoover Railroad Administration – William McAdoo National War Labor Board – W. H.Taft & Frank P. Walsh

US Food Administration

US Food Administration

US Food Administration

National War Garden Commission

US School Garden Army

US Shipping Board

US Fuel Administration

US Fuel Administration

Results of War Expansion Unemployment virtually disappeared. Expansion of “big government.” Excessive govt. regulations in eco. Some gross mismanagement  overlapping jurisdictions. Close cooperation between public and private sectors. Unprecedented opportunities for disadvantaged groups.

New Social /Economic Opportunities Women African Americans New Immigrants

Women

Women

Women

Women

Women Even Grandma buys war bonds!

Women The Red Cross – the greatest mother in the world

Women National League for Woman’s Service

Opportunities for African Americans “Great Migration”1916 – 1919  70,000 War industries work. Enlistment in segregated units.

Sons of Freedom

Sons of Freedom

Sons of Freedom Headed for France

Recruitment during Chicago Race Riots, 1919

New Immigrants The Flag of Liberty represents us all!

New Immigrants We’re all Americans!

New Immigrants United War Work Campaign

New Immigrants American Committee for Relief in the Near East

Wartime Propaganda The Committee of Public Information (George Creel) America’s “Propaganda Minister?” Anti-Germanism. Selling American Culture.

Armistice Day: Nov 11, 1918

Wilson Travels to promote..

Woodrow Wilson During his speaking tour, Wilson suffered a stroke and nearly died For his last 18 month, his second wife, Edith Bolling Galt Wilson, ran the White House Wilson’s 1st wife, Ellen, died of Bright’s disease on Apr 6, 1914

But the US will not… 1. Join the L of N 2. Sign the Treaty of Versailles

League of Nations

Effects of War in US US becomes superpower US economy booms Birth of anti-war movement Birth of anti-Americanism within country US culture spreads abroad Birth of black empowerment movement Women go to work in huge numbers Birth of anti-communism

Attacks on Civil Liberties 1. Espionage Act – 1917 forbade actions that obstructed recruitment or efforts to promote insubordination in the military. ordered the Postmaster General to remove Leftist materials from the mail. fines of up to $10,000 and/or up to 20 years in prison.

Attacks on Civil Liberties 2. Sedition Act – 1918 it was a crime to speak against the purchase of war bonds or willfully utter, print, write or publish any disloyal, profane, scurrilous, or abusive language about this form of US Govt., the US Constitution, or the US armed forces or to willfully urge, incite, or advocate any curtailment of production of things necessary or essential to the prosecution of the war…with intent of such curtailment to cripple or hinder, the US in the prosecution of the war.

Attacks on Civil Liberties 3. Schenck v. US – 1919 in ordinary times the mailing of the leaflets would have been protected by the1st Amendment. BUT, every act of speech must be judged acc. to the circumstances in which it was spoken. The most stringent protection of free speech would not protect a man in falsely shouting fire in a theater and causing a panic. [Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes] If an act of speech posed a clear and present danger, then Congress had the power to restrain such speech.

Attacks on Civil Liberties 4. Abrams v. US – 1919 majority ruling --> cited Holmes’ “Clear and present danger” doctrine. Holmes & Brandeis dissented: The best test of truth is the power of the thought to get itself accepted in the competition of the market, denying that a “silly leaflet” published by an “unknown man” constituted such a danger.

Attacks on Civil Liberties 5. Post-war labor unrest: Coal Miners Strike of 1919. Steel Strike of 1919. Boston Police Strike of 1919.

Anti-Labor

Consequences of Labor Unions

Coal Miners Strike 1919

Boston Police Strike of 1919

Attacks on Civil Liberties 6. The Red Scare 1919 – Comintern founded, Moscow (3rd International) Attorney General, A. Mitchell Palmer (The Case Against the Reds) Palmer Raids - 1920

Red Scare Police Arrest “suspect Reds” in Chicago

Red Scare Palmer’s home, bombed (1920)

Election of 1920