The Great War The War to End All Wars World War I Chapter 10 The Great War The War to End All Wars

Causes of World War I Militarism Alliances Imperialism Naval arms race between Britain and Germany Glorification of the military Alliances Triple Entente = Allies Russia, France, Great Britain Triple Alliance = Central Powers Germany, Austria-Hungary, Ottoman Empire Imperialism Nationalism The European kind – by ethnicity The Balkans The assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand

“The Most Terrible and Disastrous of All Wars” Trench Warfare No Man’s Land Over the Top Horrible living conditions Life in a Trench New, Modern, Efficient Weapons New technology + old tactics = deadlock and horrifying casualty numbers Western Front Stalemate due to trench warfare Neither side could advance

Causes of US Entry into WWI Wilson wanted to stay neutral- didn’t work Britain blockaded Germany to keep goods from reaching the other country Germany began using u-boats to blockade Britain- sunk ships carrying war supplies The Lusitania Germany sunk the American passenger ship Most important reason US entered WWI

Causes of US Entry into WWI The Zimmermann Note German foreign minister sent a note to Mexico If the US declared war on Germany, Mexico should declare war on US Mexico would get back the land they lost in the Mexican-American War The Sussex Pledge Germany promised not to sink any more passenger liners Didn’t keep promise

America Mobilizes War Industries Board Selective Service Act Draft of young men for military service in Europe Conscientious objectors- people whose moral or religious beliefs forbid them to fight in wars Government determined what crops were grown, what products were produced, how supplies moved Everything needed to go to the war effort Committee on Public Information Educate public about the causes and nature of the war War Industries Board Determined what products were made, where they went and how much they cost

War changes society Espionage and Sedition Acts Ban treasonable or seditious newspapers, magazines, or printed materials by mail Some felt it violated the 1st amendment The court ruled there are times when freedom of speech does not apply (Schenck v. US) Women filled jobs that men left to go fight Factory workers, trolley conductors, farmers, nurses Great Migration African Americans move from South to North Racial tension increased in North

Allies Struggle Communists led by Vladimir Lenin Gained control of Russia 1918- War ended between Russia and Germany Germany sent more troops to the western front and the Allies began to struggle General John J Pershing led American forces to France

Western Front

Wilson Promotes Peace Without Victory Nov. 11, 1918- Germany surrenders Wilson felt the terms of peace should not punish the defeated nations Outlined America’s war goals Fourteen Points Promote openness, encourage independence, support freedom Self-determination- right of people to choose their own government League of nations secure political independence and territorial integrity

The Treaty of Versailles Germany Loses territory in Europe (Alsace-Lorraine) Must pay reparations to the Allies Must allow France the use of the Saar region Loses all overseas colonies Limitations on arms Austria-Hungary Dissolved into Austria, Hungary, and various other new states Ottoman Empire Broken into Turkey and several “mandates” managed by France or Britain League of Nations- promote peaceful cooperation between countries

The Battle Over the Treaty Article 10- US could go into war without the consent of congress Reservationists – led by Henry Cabot Lodge (Rep. senator) and opposed the treaty Irreconcilables- wanted changes to the treaty Wilson’s appeal to the people- vote against it Outcome- treaty defeated

The Demobilization Blues Unemployment and economic downturn Increase in strikes Seattle General Strike Steel Strike Boston Police Strike Race riots Flu epidemic The Red Scare- anticommunist hysteria Palmer raids-arrest thousands thought to be radicals Sacco & Vanzetti Trial 2 Italian immigrants and known anarchists Charged with murdering 2 men at a shoe factory Little evidence of their guilt

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