Reproductive System Chapter 27 I. Overview 1. gonads (testes & ovaries) produce gametes (sperm & egg) haploid cells & hormones meiosis involves genetic recombination for variation of offspring 2. reproductive tract: receive, store & transport gametes 3. accessory glands secrete fluids into ducts of reproductive tract 4. Perineal structures: external genitalia

Meiosis creates gametes

II. Male Reproductive System. A II. Male Reproductive System A. Testes: Produce sperm & male sex androgenic hormones. 2” x 1” in size. 1. Descend into scrotal sacs or scrotum during last 2 months of development. a) Cremaster muscle: skeletal muscle, extension of internal oblique b) Dartos muscle: smooth muscle in superficial fascia of scrotum that wrinkles skin - Response to Temp.: Cold- testes are pulled up towards warmer abdomen & skin wrinkles to increase thickness & reduce heat loss. HOT- both muscle relaxed for cooling. 2. Tunica albuginea (fibrous CT) which is then covered by tunica vaginalis (from peritoneum). Tunica albuginea divides testis into lobules with septa. 200-300 lobules /testis 3. Seminiferous tubules: 80% testicular volume; spermatogenesis. (sperm production) Spermatogonia: sperm stem cells located in outer region of seminiferous tubules. Spermatocyte: undergoes meiosis to produce haploid cells. Spermatids: undergo spermiogenesis with help of nurse cells (Sertoli cells) Spermatozoa: head, acrosome, middle piece, tail- still unable to fertilize egg * 1 spermatogonia  4 spermatozoans 9 weeks 4. Interstitial cells of Leydig Androgens eg) testosterone

Figure 27.3 The Male Reproductive System, Part II Testicular artery Urinary bladder Testicular vein Inguinal canal Penis Inguinal ligament Spermatic Cord Superficial inguinal ring Genitofemoral nerve Deferential artery Ductus deferens Pampiniform plexus Spermatic cord Testicular artery Scrotal septum Epididymis Cremaster muscle Scrotal cavity Layers of the Scrotum Testis (covered by visceral layer of tunica vaginalis) Superficial scrotal fascia Parietal layer of tunica vaginalis (inner lining of cremaster, facing scrotal cavity) Dartos muscle Scrotal skin (cut) Perineal raphe © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 27.4a Structure of the Testes Ductus deferens Mediastinum of testis Figure 27.4a Structure of the Testes Epididymis Efferent ductule Rete testis Scrotum Skin Dartos muscle Straight tubule Superficial scrotal fascia Cremaster muscle Seminiferous tubules Tunica vaginalis Tunica albuginea Septa Scrotal cavity Septa Lobule Perineal raphe a Diagrammatic horizontal section showing the anatomical relationships of the testes within the scrotal cavities. The connective tissues surrounding the seminiferous tubules and the rete testis are not shown. © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

Ways to lower sperm count!

The normal volume varies from 1.5 to 5.0 milliliter per ejaculation. The sperm count varies from 20 to 150 million sperm per milliliter. Low end: 1.5ml x 20 million= 30 million sperm per ejaculate! High end: 5ml x 150 million= 750 million sperm per ejaculate! At least 60% of the sperm should have a normal shape and show normal forward movement (motility). http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003627.htm

© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. B. Path to epididymis Seminiferous tubules straight tubule  rete testis efferent ductules  epididymis C. Epididymis: Uncoiled, epididymis is 20 feet (6m)! Has a head (receives spermatozoa) body, tail. Pseudostratified columnar epithelium with long stereocilia Site of maturation & storage (2 weeks). Sperm can be stored here for several months, then phagocytized. D. Spermatic cord 1. contains lymphatics, blood vessels, testicular art, pampinaform plexus, nerve, cremaster muscle & Vas deferens 2. runs through the inguinal canal E. Vas Deferens/ Ductus Deferens (16-18” long) Transports sperm to prostatic urethra Widens at the ampulla which meets the seminal vesicle to form a short ejaculatory duct.(1”). Sperm & semen leave via urethra (membranous prostatic  spongy) F. Accessory Glands 1. Bulbourethral (Cowper’s) (2) 2. Seminal Vesicle (2) 60% semen, neutralize acids of vagina, fructose 3. Prostate (1) G. Penis 1. Externally: Root: attached to abdomen. Shaft or body: free portion. Glans penis: enlarged tip with prepuce (foreskin). *sometimes removed with circumcision. 2. Internally: 3 cylinders of erectile tissue. sponge-like network of vascular spaces. (1) corpus spongiosum- midventral (2) corpora cavernosa © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 27.7b The Epididymis Spermatic cord Ductus deferens Head of epididymis Efferent ductules Straight tubule Rete testis in mediastinum Body of epididymis Seminiferous tubule Tunica albuginea covering testis Scrotal cavity Tail of epididymis Diagrammatic view of the testis and epididymis showing the sectional plane of part (c) 9

Figure 27.7a The Epididymis Spermatic cord Ductus deferens Head of epididymis Body of epididymis Tunica albuginea covering testis Tail of epididymis Tunica vaginalis (reflected) Appearance of the testis and epididymis on gross dissection 10

Figure 27.8a The Ductus Deferens and Accessory Glands A posterior view of the urinary bladder and prostate gland showing subdivisions of the ductus deferens in relation to surrounding structures Ureter Urinary bladder Ductus deferens Seminal gland Ampulla of ductus deferens Duct of seminal gland Ejaculatory duct Prostate gland Prostatic urethra Bulbo-urethral glands Urogenital diaphragm 11

Frontal section showing the structures of the penis Figure 27.9a The Penis Ureter Trigone of urinary bladder Seminal gland Ductus deferens Prostate gland Opening of ejaculatory duct Prostatic urethra Membranous urethra Urogenital diaphragm Bulbo-urethral gland Bulb of penis Crus (leg) of penis Opening from bulbo-urethral gland Erectile Tissue Corpus spongiosum Corpora cavernosa Spongy urethra Glans Prepuce External urethral orifice a Frontal section showing the structures of the penis © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

Checking the prostate!

Figure 27.9b The Penis Dorsal blood vessels Dorsal artery (red), vein (blue), and nerve (yellow) Corpora cavernosa Deep artery of penis Collagenous sheath Spongy urethra Corpus spongiosum Cross sections of the penis showing the histological relation of the urethra and three masses of erectile tissue Penis LM  12 14

Lateral and oblique view of the penis showing Figure 27.9c The Penis Pubic symphysis Membranous urethra Bulb of penis Right crus of penis Body (shaft) of penis Ischial ramus Erectile Tissue Corpus spongiosum Corpora cavernosa Glans Scrotum External urethral orifice c Lateral and oblique view of the penis showing the orientation of the erectile tissues © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

A cross section through the shaft of the penis Figure 27.9d The Penis Pubic symphysis Dorsal artery Superficial dorsal vein Deep dorsal vein Dorsal artery Corpora cavernosa Spongy urethra Corpus spongiosum Ischiocavernosus muscle Bulbospongiosus muscle overlying shaft of penis A cross section through the shaft of the penis 16

Figure 27.1 The Male Reproductive System, Part I (Part 2 of 2) Sigmoid colon (cut) Rectum Internal urethral orifice Rectus abdominis Prostatic urethra Urinary bladder Prostate gland Pubic symphysis Bristle within ejaculatory duct Membranous urethra Penis Spongy urethra Spongy urethra within corpus spongiosum Bulbospongiosus muscle Corpus cavernosum Ductus deferens Epididymis Scrotum Testis 17

II. Female. A. Ovaries (2) (approx II. Female A. Ovaries (2) (approx. 3 cm x 1 cm x1cm)are supported by mesovarium 1) Mesovarium (part of broad ligament) which is actually a large fold of peritoneum. Limits side to side movement & rotation 2) Suspensory ligaments- superior, attach ovary to pelvic wall. Contains ovarian artery & vein 3) Ovarian ligament – fibrous band that anchors ovary to uterus- within the broad ligament. 1. Externally: Tunica albuginea- fibrous capsule that is covered by germinal epithelium (simple cuboidal epithelium- but does not produce egg) 2. Internally: 1) cortex- outer portion. Has the developing oocytes that are in sac-like follicles. Females are born w/ approx..2 million which is reduced to 300,000-400,000 by puberty. About 400 will mature 2) medulla- inner portion, has blood vessels, nerves & lymphatics.

Figure 27.10 The Female Reproductive System (1of 2) Major Components of the Female Reproductive System Ovarian follicle Gonad Ovary Rectouterine pouch Uterine tube Sigmoid colon Uterus Vesicouterine pouch Perimetrium Myometrium Urinary bladder Endometrium Urethra Cervix Pubic symphysis Vagina Accessory Glands Rectum Paraurethral glands Greater vestibular gland Anus External Genitalia Labium minus Clitoris Labium majus © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 27.11a The Ovaries, Uterine Tubes, and Uterus Structures Stabilizing the Ovary Fimbriae Uterine tube Ovarian ligament Mesovarium Suspensory ligament Retractor Ovarian artery and vein Uterus Infundibulum Broad ligament Ovary Ureter Uterosacral ligament External os Cervix Figure 27.11a The Ovaries, Uterine Tubes, and Uterus Vaginal rugae Vaginal wall Posterior view of the ovaries, uterine tubes, and uterus along with their supporting ligaments. a

The moment was captured by chance during a hysterectomy During ovulation, the ovary produces a reddish protrusion to release the egg. Some suggest an explosive release of the egg but the filmed ovulation took 15 minutes to finish. LEUVEN INSTITUTE FOR FERTILITY And EMBRYOLOGY HUMAN OVULATION FILMED FOR FIRST TIME! The moment was captured by chance during a hysterectomy operation. June 2008

© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. B. Uterine tube/Fallopian tube: Extend from uterus to ovaries. (about 10 cm or 4”) 1. External anatomy a) infundibulum: fimbriae b) ampulla: thick wall, most fertilization occurs here c) Isthmus: narrow passage to uterus. d) uterine part 2. Internal anatomy a) ciliated columnar cells- creating current/move ovum b) smooth muscle wall- peristalisis 3. ectopic pregnancy © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 27.14a The Uterine Tubes Ampulla Isthmus Infundibulum Fimbria Uterus Regions of the uterine tubes 23

Figure 27.14 The Uterine Tubes Ampulla Isthmus Infundibulum Uterus Fimbria a Regions of the uterine tubes Microvilli of mucin- secreting cells Columnar epithelium Lamina propria Cilia Smooth muscle Isthmus of uterine tube LM × 122 Epithelial surface of uterine tube SEM × 4000 b Histology of the isthmus as seen in sectional view c A colorized SEM of the ciliated lining of the uterine tube © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. C. Uterus 1. External anatomy Fundus, Body, Isthmus & Cervix (with os) *pap smear Held in position by: broad, uterosacral, round (round lig. From uterus to ant wall of abdomen(visible on diagram 27.15) 2. Internal anatomy a) Endometrium-10% Inner mucosal lining of uterus that helps in forming the placenta. Simple columnar cells with secretory & ciliated cells. Under this is lamina propria of CT. i) functional layer – thickens & thins w/menstrual cycle, contains glands, shed in menses ii) basal layer b) Myometrium: 90% interlacing smooth muscle c) Perimetrium: outer layer serous membrane of peritoneum Disorder: Prolapsed uterus © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

Internal os (internal orifice) Figure 27.15a The Uterus Uterine Tube Fimbriae Infundibulum Ampulla Isthmus Uterine part Uterine tube Suspensory ligament of ovary Fundus of uterus Ovarian artery and vein Body of uterus Mesovarium Ovary Ovarian ligament Uterine cavity Round ligament of uterus Perimetrium Myometrium Broad ligament Endometrium See Figure 27.16 Uterine artery and vein Internal os (internal orifice) Isthmus of uterus Cervix Cervical canal Vaginal artery External os (external orifice) Vaginal rugae See Figure 27.19 Vagina a Posterior view of the uterus and stabilizing ligaments within the pelvic cavity © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 27.16a The Uterine Wall cavity Endometrium Myometrium Perimetrium Radial artery Arcuate artery Uterine artery a A diagrammatic sectional view of the uterine wall © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 27.16b The Uterine Wall Straight artery Radial artery Endometrium Simple columnar epithelium Spiral artery Functional layer Basilar layer Uterine glands b A Sectional view of the endometrium and its arterial supply © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

Normal cervix

© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. D. Vagina 1. Fibromuscular walls can stretch for both intercourse & birth. Smooth muscle circular & longitudinal continuous with uterus 2. Fornix 3. rugae (transverse folds), 4. hymen: incomplete diaphragm, vascularized Variable durability: some women-thin & broken in sports activities/tampon use; others is so tough it requires surgery to remove © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 27.22 Uterovaginal Prolapse Uterus bulges into vagina Uterus Bladder Vagina Normal uterus Prolapsed uterus 32

Figure 27.20b The Female External Genitalia Ovary Uterus Fornix Vagina Levator ani muscle Vaginal canal Urogenital diaphragm Bulbospongiosus Vestibular bulb Location of hymen (torn) Vestibule Labium majus Labium minus A diagrammatic frontal section showing the relative positions of the internal and external reproductive structures 33

© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. E. Vulva/ External genitalia 1. Mons pubis 2. Labia majora:. two larger, skin folds w/fat. Has pubic hair. Homologous to scrotum. 3. Labia minora: two smaller skin folds inside labia majora, hairless 4. Vestibule 5. Clitoris: homologous to the penis. Prepuce © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. External Genitalia Mons pubis Clitoris Prepuce Glans Urethral opening Vestibule Vestibular bulb Labium minora Hymen (torn) Vaginal entrance Labium majora Greater vestibular gland Anus a An inferior view of the female perineum © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

F. Mammary glands. 1. External anatomy F. Mammary glands 1. External anatomy a) areola & nipple: many sebaceous glands b) superficial to pectoralis major 2. Internal anatomy a) 15-20 lobes, lobules, secretory alveoli with modified sweat glands b) lactiferous ducts lactiferous sinus c) adipose tissue between lobes d) suspensory ligaments- bands of connective tissue, separates lobes of breast, support breasts, runs from nipple to underlying muscles. 3. Lactation: producing milk. Under hormonal control - prolactin

Figure 27.21a The Mammary Glands Pectoralis major muscle Pectoral fat pad Suspensory ligaments Lobes of mammary glands Lactiferous duct Areola Nipple Lactiferous sinus Gross anatomy of the breast 37

Figure 27.21b The Mammary Glands Pectoral fat pad Suspensory ligaments Lactiferous sinus Nipple Areola Pectoralis major muscle Xeromammogram, a radiographic technique designed to show the tissue detail of the breast, mediolateral projection 38