Blockchain encoding of Food waste behaviours in support of a Circular Economy Amir M. Sharif & Zahir Irani Presented By: Jyoti Mishra

Origins of Food Waste (WRI) During or immediately after harvesting on the farm After leaving the farm for handling, storage, and transport During industrial or domestic processing and/or packaging During distribution to markets, including at wholesale and retail markets In the home or business of the consumer, including restaurants and caterers Source: WRI analysis based on FAO. 2011. Global food losses and food waste – extent, causes and prevention. Rome: UN FAO. 16 November, 201816 November, 2018 Circular Economy Disruptions – Past, Present, Future, 17th – 19th June 2018, University of Exeter

Boulding, K. (1966). The Economics of the Coming Spaceship Earth. Energy System Problems Human Material Open Knowledge Outputs Information Consumption … 16 November, 201816 November, 2018 Circular Economy Disruptions – Past, Present, Future, 17th – 19th June 2018, University of Exeter

Spaceship Earth vs the Circular Economy? Source: Kalmykova et al. (2018) 16 November, 201816 November, 2018 Circular Economy Disruptions – Past, Present, Future, 17th – 19th June 2018, University of Exeter

Spaceship Earth vs the Circular Economy? Source: Merli et al. (2018) 16 November, 201816 November, 2018 Circular Economy Disruptions – Past, Present, Future, 17th – 19th June 2018, University of Exeter

Food Waste Research 16 November, 201816 November, 2018 Circular Economy Disruptions – Past, Present, Future, 17th – 19th June 2018, University of Exeter

Food Waste as a System Archetype Source: Braun (2002) 16 November, 201816 November, 2018 Circular Economy Disruptions – Past, Present, Future, 17th – 19th June 2018, University of Exeter

Food Waste as a System Archetype Reinforcing elements Balancing elements Limiting condition Slowing action Results Source: Adapted from Sharif and Irani; (2016); Irani and Sharif (2017) 16 November, 201816 November, 2018 Circular Economy Disruptions – Past, Present, Future, 17th – 19th June 2018, University of Exeter

Research Questions – food waste + CE RQ1: What are the underlying behavioural drivers for food waste from a CE perspective? 16 November, 201816 November, 2018 Circular Economy Disruptions – Past, Present, Future, 17th – 19th June 2018, University of Exeter

Research Questions – food waste + CE RQ2: How can sustainable business model archetypes (Bocken et al., 2014) be integrated with upstream and downstream points of cause-and-effect along the food waste chain? “Limits to Growth” “Attractiveness Principle” “Shifting the Burden” 16 November, 201816 November, 2018 Circular Economy Disruptions – Past, Present, Future, 17th – 19th June 2018, University of Exeter

Research Questions – food waste + CE RQ3: What are the effects on upstream food supply chain actors, if a “no zero burden” approach to food waste creation is undertaken (Ilic et al., 2018)? 16 November, 201816 November, 2018 Circular Economy Disruptions – Past, Present, Future, 17th – 19th June 2018, University of Exeter

Research Questions – food waste + CE RQ3: What are the effects on upstream food supply chain actors, if a “no zero burden” approach to food waste creation is undertaken (Ilic et al., 2018)? 16 November, 201816 November, 2018 Circular Economy Disruptions – Past, Present, Future, 17th – 19th June 2018, University of Exeter

Research Questions – food waste + CE RQ4: How can any barriers to CE-based food supply chains be overcome – i.e. the so-called FOSAT set of barriers (financial, operational, structural, attitudinal, and technological as defined by Ritzen and Sandstrom (2017)); Ledger of transactions Decentralised network Verification Immutable Consensus 16 November, 201816 November, 2018 Circular Economy Disruptions – Past, Present, Future, 17th – 19th June 2018, University of Exeter

Research Questions – food waste + CE RQ5: How can food waste ownership, behaviours and structural elements – including cause, effect, lifecycle, actor and zero burden variables - be included in CE business models (Urbinati et al., 2017) as part of a chain-wide validation mechanism to minimise food waste across inner and out loops – i.e. using a blockchain approach (Hackius and Petersen, 2017). 16 November, 201816 November, 2018 Circular Economy Disruptions – Past, Present, Future, 17th – 19th June 2018, University of Exeter

Putting it all together… Financial / Technological Structural Operational Attitudinal Material Costs Design Responsibility SCM Identification Extraction Integration Information No “Zero Burden” Manufacture 16 November, 201816 November, 2018 Circular Economy Disruptions – Past, Present, Future, 17th – 19th June 2018, University of Exeter

Thank You! Questions @amsharif amsharif@bradford.ac.uk 16 November, 201816 November, 2018 Circular Economy Disruptions – Past, Present, Future, 17th – 19th June 2018, University of Exeter