Learning Targets 1). You need to understand what the electromagnetic spectrum is as well as how it is organized. 2). You must be able to describe the relationship between frequency and wavelength. 3). You must understand why scientists use telescopes to learn about the universe.

Astronomy Basics What is Astronomy? How can we study it? The study of the universe beyond our atmosphere. How can we study it? Study things that make it to Earth Meteorites Samples Collected Study the light that makes it to Earth

Electromagnetic Spectrum What is Light? Electromagnetic Spectrum EMS We call the electromagnetic spectrum light This includes waves of all different energies…. NOT just visible light

Wavelength and Frequency Wave Energy Electromagnetic Spectrum Wavelength and Frequency Sorted by Wavelength and Frequency Wavelength: The distance until a wave repeats itself Frequency: Amount of waves in a given time interval. Inversely Related

Telescopes Galileo is credited with improving upon designs of telescopes as well as using them to study space. Invented by: Hans Lippershey,Zacharias Janssen, and Jacob Metius around 1608 Collect light information from the universe Telescopes have 3 benefits that keep us using them to study space.

Benefits to Utilizing Telescopes to Study Space You can attach different detectors on telescopes. These can pick up any portion of the electromagnetic spectrum Even those not visible to the human eye Telescopes can focus much more light then the human eye. The larger the opening through which light enters the higher the light collecting power of the telescope.

Benefits to Utilizing Telescopes to Study Space Telescopes allow astronomers to use specialized equipment. Exp: Devices that collect more data Photometer Telescopes can collect light over a very long period of time continuously Time Exposures

Learning Targets 1). You need to be able to describe the various types of telescopes; reflecting, refracting, those that use different wavelengths . 2). You must be able to explain the advantages of space based telescopes. 3). Must be able to describe other ways scientists gain information about the universe around them.

Goal of all telescopes: TO BRING AS MUCH RADIATION AS POSSIBLE TO A FOCUS

Types of Telescopes Named because these telescopes bend light. Refracting Telescope Refracting Telescope Named because these telescopes bend light. Uses lenses to focus light Invented 1st: around 1600. The largest practical lens size in a refracting telescope is around 1 meter This limits size and light gathering ability Lens sagging

Types of Telescopes Majority of telescopes used Reflecting Telescope Named because light is bounced off mirrors Robert Hooke built the 1st working model Uses mirrors to focus light. Single mirror Combination of many mirrors Can be much larger then refracting telescopes Majority of telescopes used http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KbktvcGW90E&feature=results_video&playnext=1&list=PL70EF5107331737C6

Telescopes Found away from cities Lights affect image clarity High Locations Less atmosphere to distort images Used in all wavelengths to find out about the universe

Radio Telescope Radio Wave Telescopes look like huge satellite dishes Radio Wave Collection Interferometry Radio Wave Telescopes look like huge satellite dishes Radio Waves are converted into electrical signals and then stored on a computer. Linking separate telescopes together so that they act as one telescope.

Learning Targets 1). You must be able to explain the advantages of space based telescopes. 2). You must be able to describe the Hubble mission 3). Must be able to describe other ways scientists gain information about the universe around them; space exploration and probes.

Why Send Telescopes Into Space? 1). Earth’s atmosphere blocks infrared, UV, gamma, and x-rays from hitting Earth Hard to observe these from Earth 2).Images of radiation that make it to Earth are blurred 3). Close-up Images and Obtain Samples

Hubble Space Telescope Hubble Facts Hubble’s Cameras Hubble has revealed the age of the universe to be about 13 to 14 billion years Discovered dark energy Discovered galaxies in all stages of evolution Hubble completes a spin around Earth every 97 minutes moving at the speed of about five miles per second

Hubble Space Telescope Sent into orbit in 1990 Expected to end mission in 2014 Reflecting Telescope Hubble’s Cameras Wide Field Camera 3 Cosmic Origins Spectrograph Advanced Camera for Surveys Space Telescope Imaging Spectrograph Near Infrared Camera and Multi-Object Spectrometer Fine Guidance Sensors

Other Forms of Space Based Observation Space-crafts: Used for exploring planets within our solar system Robotic probes can land and collect information directly Luna 16 First unmanned robotic sample return probe from Moon. Lunokhod 1 First rover on Moon. Mariner 10 First probe to Mercury. Venera 3 Probe from the Soviet Union was the first man-made spacecraft to impact on another planet (Venus). Venera 7 The Venera 7 probe was the first to transmit data from there back to Earth. Mariner 9 Upon its arrival at Mars on November 13, 1971, Mariner 9 became the first space probe to maintain orbit around another planet Mars 3 First soft landing on Mars. Sojourner 1ST Successful robot landing on Mars