Please copy your homework into your assignment book BEFORE THE BELL RINGS Please copy your homework into your assignment book

End Warm-up What is the largest planet in our solar system? On which planet is Olympus Mons? What is Olympus Mons? Which planet is similar in size to Earth, but has an atmosphere composed mostly of CO2? This bar timer, will start when anywhere on the slide is clicked. The bar will move from left to right and the word ‘End’ will appear at the end, accompanied by a ‘Deep Gong’ sound. It is possible to change the duration of this timer to any time, by entering the animation settings, and changing the timing for ‘rectangle 3’. Note the time has to be entered as a number of seconds – so if you want 2mins & 30secs – this is entered as 150 (60X2 + 30 = 150). End

Wednesday, May 24, 2017 Warm-up Minerals Review Questions Homework: Study for your final exam that will be on Friday. C Period – Room 306 with Mr. Larkin D Period – Room 206 with me

Chapter 4 - Minerals Geology Unit

What is a Mineral? Earth’s crust is composed of 99% minerals These are all made from different combinations of the same 8 elements. Building Blocks of all Rocks A mineral is a naturally occurring, inorganic solid with a specific chemical composition and a definite crystalline structure Exp of minerals: diamonds, rubies, sapphires

Mineral Definition Naturally occurring and inorganic Minerals are formed by natural processes Inorganic means minerals are not a living organism Solids with specific compositions Most minerals are made of compounds Definite crystalline structure The atoms in minerals are arranged in regular geometric patterns

products that are made from minerals; copper, iron, Make-Up, computer chips, cars, cell phones, etc.

Minerals form from Magma Minerals can form from the cooling of magma Magma is the molten material found beneath Earth’s surface If the magma has more time to cool the atoms have time to arrange themselves, which results in a larger crystal If the magma cools off more rapidly the crystals will be smaller

Minerals from Solution A certain amount of water can only dissolve so much of a solid before the water becomes saturated In nature, if a solution becomes supersaturated, or overfilled, mineral crystals begin to form

Crystal A crystal is an organized grouping of atoms, or molecules. Each crystal for each mineral has different properties and shapes.

How Crystals Grow Crystals grow into specific shapes atoms or molecules join together in a pattern that repeats itself over and over to create a certain shape. A crystal grows by adding atoms or molecules to all its sides in the exact same pattern as the atoms and molecules that were added before. Because each different crystal is made up of a different building block (atom or molecule) they each have a different structure or shape.

Crystal Words to Know Saturated solution = the maximum amount of a solid has been dissolved without boiling Super‐Saturated solution = has been heated to boiling in order to allow more solid to be dissolved. Solute = a solid substance that is dissolved into a liquid e.g. sugar Solvent = the liquid in which a solute (solid) is dissolved e.g. water

Crystal examples Sugar crystals are oblong and slanted at the ends; salt crystals are cubic.

How Salt Crystals Form Sodium (Na) and Chlorine (Cl) atoms both share a pair of electrons in an ionic bond. While in solution, the Na and Cl are separated by water molecules (H20). As the water evaporates from the solution, the Na and Cl atoms begin to bond together, first as single molecules and then the molecules bond together, forming crystals. Every molecule will form the same shape crystal each time it forms. The crystal shape for salt is a cube like a six-sided die.

Mineral Identification

Color Color is sometimes caused by trace elements or compounds within an element Exp: Quartz comes in many colors Color is one of the least reliable methods to mineral identity.

Luster The way a mineral reflects light from it’s surface is luster Luster is described as metallic or nonmetallic Differences in luster are caused by difference in chemical composition

Texture Texture describes how a mineral feels The texture might be described as smooth, rough, ragged, greasy, soapy, or glassy

Streak A mineral rubbed across an unglazed porcelain plate will sometimes leave a powder streak on the surface Streak is the color of a mineral when it is broken up and powdered There are times when the streak of a mineral does not match its external color

Hardness This is one of the most useful tests in identifying a mineral Hardness is a measure of how hard a mineral can be scratched There is a Moh’s Hardness Scale that is used with this test Hardness is one the most reliable tests if mineral ID It is determined by the arrangement of mineral’s atoms

Cleavage and Fracture Atomic arrangements also determine how a mineral will break Minerals break where atomic bonding is weak A mineral that splits relatively easily end evenly along one or more flat planes to have cleavage Minerals that break rough or jagged edges are said to have fractures

What are the 6 properties scientists use to identify minerals? Question of the Day

Using Mineral Resources 2006 Prentice Hall Science Explorer- Earth Science

Uses of Mineral Minerals are the source of gemstones, metals, and a variety of materials used to make many products.

Gemstones A gemstone is a hard, colorful mineral that has a brilliant or glassy luster. People value gemstones for their color, luster, and durability, and for the fact that they are rare. Once a gemstone is cut and polished, it is called a gem. Gems are used mainly for jewelry and decoration. They are also used for mechanical parts and for grinding and polishing.

Producing Metals From Minerals To produce metals from a mineral, a rock containing the mineral must be through prospecting and mined, or removed from the ground. Then the rock must be processed to extract the metal. A rock that contains a metal or other useful mineral that can be mined and sold at a profit is called an ore. Most metals do not occur in pure form. A metal usually occurs as a mineral that is a combination of that metal and other elements.

Prospecting and Mining A prospector is anyone who searches, or prospects, for an ore deposit. Geologist prospect for ores by observing rocks on the land surface and by studying maps of rocks beneath the surface. There are three types of mining.

In strip mining, earthmoving equipment scrapes away soil to expose ore.

In open pit mining, miners use giant earthmoving equipment to dig a tremendous pit an remove ore deposits. For ore deposits that occur in veins, miners dig shaft mines.

Shaft mines often have a network of tunnels that extend deep into the ground, following the veins of ore.

Smelting In the process of smelting, an ore is mixed with other substance and then melted to separate the useful metal from other elements that ore contains. Coke is a term given to baked coal