Hindu and Buddhist Rulers along the Silk Roads of Asia, 100–1000 C.E. Chapter 8 Hindu and Buddhist Rulers along the Silk Roads of Asia, 100–1000 C.E. Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved.

Learning Objectives (Slide 1 of 4) Explain the significance of the travel accounts provided by Ennin for both Japanese and Chinese history Summarize the changes within Buddhism in India after the collapse of the Mauryan Empire Describe the rise of Hinduism and its relationship to the political states of northern and southern India Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved.

Learning Objectives (Slide 2 of 4) Discuss the spread of Hinduism, Buddhism, and Sanskrit literacy to the inland kingdoms such as the Angkor dynasty Outline the introduction of Buddhism into China and its modification to suit Chinese culture Summarize the innovations of the Tang dynasty in China’s economic, legal, religious, and educational systems Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved.

Learning Objectives (Slide 3 of 4) Identify the factors that caused the slow decline of the Tang dynasty Discuss the relationship between the Korean kingdoms and Japan during the Han, Sui, and Tang dynasties Describe the development of the Koguryo and Silla kingdoms Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved.

Learning Objectives (Slide 4 of 4) Identify the aspects of the Chinese blueprint for empire that Korea and Japan borrowed, modified, and ignored Describe the Yamato dynasty and the rise of Japan Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved.

Portrait of Ennin In 838, the Japanese monk Ennin joined a Japanese delegation that was the last of nearly twenty official delegations sent to China by the Japanese government. Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. 6

The Travels of Ennin (Slide 1 of 2) Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. 7

The Travels of Ennin (Slide 2 of 2) Ennin traveled on overland routes known today as the Silk Routes Conduits for pilgrims and also for merchants, soldiers, and refugees fleeing dangerous areas Travel supported the rise of Buddhism and Hinduism Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved.

Buddhism, Hinduism, and Indian Rulers, 100–1000 Rise of greater vehicle teachings in Buddhism Buddhists no longer had to join the order to achieve enlightenment Older form is known as the Lesser Vehicle (Hinayana), or “Tradition of the Elders” Later, prayed to bodhisattvas, a being headed for Buddhahood who postpones it to help others Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved.

The Rise of Greater Vehicle Teachings in Buddhism Buddhists believed in transferring merit from one person to another Gifts to a Buddhist monastery or paying someone to recite a text can transfer merit Buddhists began to stay in monasteries and were supported by gifts from kings and wealthy merchants Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved.

The Rise of Hinduism, 300–900 C.E. The Gupta dynasty, controlled much of north India between 320 and 600 Gupta dynasty gave many grants of land to Brahmins Brahmins worshipped Shiva and Vishnu Brahmin priests played an important role in Hindu worship Developed a personal tie between the devout and the deity known as bhakti Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved.

The Beginnings of the Chola Kingdom, ca. 900 (Slide 1 of 2) Tamil-speaking Chola kingdom was located in south India Rich agricultural land and rice harvests supported thousands of Brahmin in the temple at Tanjore Brahmin performed rituals, memorized texts, taught local boys in schools Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved.

The Beginnings of the Chola Kingdom, ca. 900 (Slide 2 of 2) Hindu temples usually had a womb room, or innermost chamber Held the lingam, or stone phallus Symbolized the female and male generative powers, which had to be combined Abstractly, it stood for all the creative forces in the cosmos Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved.

Brihadeshwara Temple at Tanjore, with Womb Room Rajaraja I built this temple to Shiva at Tanjore (left photo). The innermost sanctuary of the Hindu temple, the womb room, held the lingam, on which devotees placed offerings (right photo). Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. 14

Buddhism, Hinduism, and Southeast Asian Rulers, 300–1000 Southeast Asia includes land in subtropical Asia and about 20,000 Pacific islands Travel between islands was easier than travel between land communities Small populations lived in isolation, separated by forests and mountains Monsoon rains brought water in the summer stored for the rest of the year Until the introduction of Hinduism, the basic social structure was egalitarian Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved.

The Buddhist Kingdoms Along the Trade Routes Well established trade routes Affected by prevailing winds Two Buddhist kingdoms along the sea routes between India and China Discovery of a new route between China and India Kingdom of Srivijaya along the route supported travelers, sailors, merchants Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved.

The Spread of Buddhism and Hinduism to Southeast Asia Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. 17

Borobudur: A Buddhist Monument in Java, Indonesia The largest Buddhist monument in the world is at Borobudur on the island of Java in Indonesia. A single Buddha sits at the top of a base and five platform levels. Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. 18

Buddhist and Hindu Kingdoms of Inland Southeast Asia, 300–1000 (Slide 1 of 3) Prior to the introduction of Buddhism in the area, ca. 300–600 C.E., the region was dominated by local men of prowess They used military skills and intelligence to become leaders of tribes People were loyal to a given individual, not to a dynasty Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved.

Buddhist and Hindu Kingdoms of Inland Southeast Asia, 300–1000 (Slide 2 of 3) Natural world consisted of spirits inhabiting trees, rocks, natural objects Rituals were performed to communicate with these spirits After the fourth century, literate outsiders came into the area bringing the ability to read and write in Sanskrit Those literate in Sanskrit were called purohita, or chief priest Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved.

Buddhist and Hindu Kingdoms of Inland Southeast Asia, 300–1000 (Slide 3 of 3) Jayavarman II, r. 802–850, in the lower Mekong basin in Cambodia Beginning of the Angkor dynasty New Shiva temples were built at the location of local shrines If there was a sacred rock at the local shrine, it could become the lingam of a Shiva temple Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved.

Using a Statue to Trace the Spread of Buddhism This statue, found in southern Cambodia, bears the oldest inscription in Pali, a Sanskritic language, found so far in all of Southeast Asia. The text dates the image to the late 600s. Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. 22

Buddhism and the Revival of Empire in China, 100–1000 Buddhism in China, 100–589 C.E. Buddhism was introduced to China during the Han dynasty, before 100 C.E. An effective early missionary was a central Asian man named Fotudeng Chinese first converted to Buddhism because they believed Buddha performed miracles Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved.

Buddhism in China, 100–589 C.E. One obstacle to the spread of Buddhism was its insistence on celibacy Chinese parents were reluctant to allow their children to become celibate Some allowed one child to convert and transfer merit to other children By 600, Buddhism firmly entrenched Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved.

China Reunified, 589–907 (Slide 1 of 2) China reunified under the Sui dynasty in 589 The Tang dynasty succeeded the Sui Tang founder’s son, Taizong, overthrew his father in a coup in 626 Developed a comprehensive law code, the Tang Code, which laid out the equal-field system Basis of the Tang dynasty tax system Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved.

China Reunified, 589–907 (Slide 2 of 2) Tang education was also reformed, based on Confucianism Emperor Wu was the only woman to rule China in her own name In 690 Emperor Wu proclaimed a new dynasty named the Zhou In 705 she was overthrown in a palace coup that restored the Tang dynasty Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved.

The Long Decline of the Tang Dynasty, 755–907 (Slide 1 of 2) First half of the Tang dynasty, 618–755, was prosperous and successful Second half of the Tang dynasty, 755–907, was one of slow decline Despite decline, an important discovery Woodblock printing: printers made an image in reverse on a block of wood and then pressed the block onto sheets of paper An efficient way to print Chinese texts Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved.

The Long Decline of the Tang Dynasty, 755–907 (Slide 2 of 2) In 907, the last Tang emperor was deposed and the dynasty ended China broke apart into regional dynasties until 960 when it was reunited Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved.

Layout of Chang’an and Heian (Kyoto) Many rulers in East Asia followed Tang models very closely as illustrated in these city plans of Chang’an, the Tang capital, and Kyoto, the Heian capital. Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. 29

The World’s First Printed Book This copy of The Diamond Sutra, printed with woodblocks in 868, is the world’s earliest printed book. Chinese printing technology reproduced line drawings and characters equally well. Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved.

The Tibetan Empire, ca. 617–ca. 842 (Slide 1 of 2) Tibetan plateau is a high altitude grassland used for raising horses Tibet was first unified between 620 and 650 under Songsten Gampo In 763, the Tibetan army invaded Chang’an Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved.

The Tibetan Empire, ca. 617–ca. 842 (Slide 2 of 2) In 842, the Tibetan confederation broke up Tibetan experience demonstrates the utility of the Sui/Tang model of governance for a people in the early stages of state formation Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved.

Buddhism and the Tang Blueprint for Rule in Korea and Japan, to 1000 Buddhism and regional kingdoms in Korea Korea was divided into several chiefdoms, three of which became significant states Three Kingdoms period started in 313 The Korean rulers adopted crucial elements of the Tang blueprint for rule during the Three Kingdoms period Korean people prayed to local deities and nature spirits. Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved.

Buddhism and Regional Kingdoms in Korea Silla: kingdom that adopted Buddhism United with the Tang dynasty in 660 Korea united for the first time in 668 after defeating Koguryo and Paekche kingdoms Some elements of the Tang blueprint were at odds with the highly stratified Korean society’s bone-rank system Silla kingdom entered a period of decline after 780 Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved.

Korea and Japan, ca. 550 Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. 35

A Formidable Korean Warrior This mounted cavalry soldier, a ceramic figurine from the Korean peninsula made in the fifth or sixth century, displays the most up-to-date weaponry and armor of his time. Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. 36

The Emergence of Japan (Slide 1 of 2) Japan: four large islands; many small ones Japan had no indigenous writing system, so written sources date from 720 and later Native religion of Japan was Shinto Soga clan were the main supporters of Buddhism in Japan Prince Shotoku sent the first Japanese delegation to China in 600 Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved.

The Emergence of Japan (Slide 2 of 2) In 701, the Tang blueprint for rule was instituted Chinese influence evident in changing architecture in Japan Another influence: smallpox epidemic in the 720s and 730s Kana: an alphabet that was written as words were pronounced Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved.

Horyuji Pagoda, Nara, Japan Built before 794, this five-story pagoda is possibly one of the oldest wooden buildings in the world. Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. 39

Chapter Timeline EVENT APPROXIMATE DATES (CE) Spread of Christianity Circa 50 to after 1000 Silla kingdom in south Korea Before 100 to 935 Kushan empire in India, Buddhist missionaries Circa 100 to 260 Six Dynasties in China 220 to 589 Ruler in China converts to Buddhism 310 Gupta empire (Hindu) in India 320 to circa 600 Srivijaya kingdom in Sumatra 350 to 1000 Silla ruler in Korea converts to Buddhism 527 Yamato rulers in Japan convert to Buddhism 587 Sui dynasty in China 589 to 618 Tang dynasty in China 618 to 907 Spread of Islam 622 to after 1000 Nara period in Japan 710 to 794 Lifetime of Ennin 793 to 864 Heian period in Japan 794 to after 1000 Angkor Kingdom in Southeast Asia 802 to after 1000 Chola kingdom in south India 907 to 1000 Table description: Events and approximate dates as shown on the timeline. Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. 40