Lisbon Addictions 2017, October, Lisbon Mafalda Pardal

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Presentation transcript:

A work in progress? Understanding the development and current features of the CSC model in Belgium Lisbon Addictions 2017, 24-26 October, Lisbon Mafalda Pardal Institute for Social Drug Research, Ghent University

a ‘MIDDLE GROUND’ MODEL FOR THE SUPPLY OF CANNABIS? Registered associations of users Non-profit Closed supply: cultivation and distribution of cannabis among members For personal consumption (recreational or medical) Advocacy for cannabis legalization and/or regulation of the model From: Caulkins et al. (2015). Options and issues regarding marijuana legalization. Santa Monica: RAND Corporation.

MULTIPLE CONTEXTS AND PRACTICES Increasing presence of the model Spain, Belgium and Uruguay as key settings Reports of CSCs elsewhere too (other European and South American countries, and elsewhere?...) Limited body of knowledge on CSCs (Marín 2008; Decorte 2015; Belackova et al. 2016; Queirolo et al. 2016) Available reports note differences in practices within and across settings (Decorte et al., 2017)

Our approach Ongoing research project (2015-2018, FWO) Aims: Methods: Map the presence of the CSC model in Belgium (since its inception) Examine Belgian CSCs’ supply practices Methods: 44 semi-structured interviews (21 CSC directors; 23 CSC growers) Review of internal documents of BE CSCs Field observations

The belgian csc landscape

2006-2012: THE INTRODUCTION OF THE MODEL in Belgium The first Belgian CSC was established in 2006 Changes to CSC landscape 2005 Ministerial Guidelines as precipitating factor “And suddenly, because of these Ministerial Guidelines, in 2006 we saw a possibility” (CSC3F-D21). Policy developments Social activities and protests First collective cultivation Two court cases with positive outcome Key characteristics

2013-2014: first wave of Belgian cscS Six CSCs established in 2013 But five have soon after ceased activities Changes to CSC landscape 2012 changes to Dutch coffee shop policy Policy developments First CSCs in Wallonia First ‘medical’ CSC Creation of CSC sub-units Most new CSCs have faced legal problems Key characteristics

2015-present: second wave of Belgian cscS Four new CSCs established in 2015 and one other in 2016 Changes to CSC landscape 2015 legislation on Sativex Policy developments New attempt of creating ‘medical’ CSC Two CSCs are not supplying cannabis Key characteristics

CSCS’ SUPPLY FUNCTION

ORGANIZATIONAL FEATURES CSCs register as non-profits in national registry of associations Distinction from other (commercial) suppliers Attenuating factor in legal proceedings Increasing public/political acceptance of the model But some exceptions “You cannot be a Social Club if you are not registered. Then you are just like an ordinary drug grower” (CSC5-D13)

Annual membership fee: 25-40EUR Access to CANNABIS Membership criteria: 18 or 21 years old; BE nationals/residents; cannabis users * ‘Medical’ CSCs Intake interview Formal registration BECOMING A MEMBER Annual membership fee: 25-40EUR House rules: no distribution of cannabis to non-members; no nuisance in or around CSC; no misuse of CSC’s name REMAINING A MEMBER Smallest CSC counts with 10 members, largest estimates having about 400

SMALL-SCALE & DECENTRALIZED CSC ‘PLANT-CARETAKERS’ Cannabis cultivation ONE PLANT PER MEMBER Indoors 2-49 plants per site Organic cultivation (for a “clean product”) No systematic quality control practices SMALL-SCALE & DECENTRALIZED “Reimbursement” (4-4.50EUR per gram) Protocol for cultivation CSC ‘PLANT-CARETAKERS’ Photos of CSC grow sites, courtesy of anonymous CSC growers

Cannabis distribution INDIVIDUAL DISTRIBUTION VS. ‘EXCHANGE FAIRS’ 6.5-9EUR PER GRAM GENERIC INFORMATION ABOUT CANNABIS WEEKLY/BI-WEEKLY TO TRIANNUAL SUPPLY MAX. 15-60GR (PER MONTH) NO ONSITE CONSUMPTION (*)

an ever-changing landscape? Over a decade of uninterrupted CSC presence in the country 3 phases of renewed activity Relatively small number of active CSCs (Decorte et al., 2017) Adaptability but also vulnerability to external (control) pressure How would today’s snaptshot look like?

alignment with key features of the model... Non-profit (no boom of ‘Commercial Cannabis Clubs’ à la Barcelona – Barriuso, 2012; Páres & Bouso, 2015) Closed supply Small-scale cultivation by in-house growers Distribution for personal consumption (≈ Decorte, 2015)

...but co-existence of several variants of A csc model? FORMALIZATION Registered non-profits vs. unregistered CSCs STRUCTURE One unit vs. several sub-units/regional chapters SIZE Small CSCs vs. medium-sized CSCs ACCESS Medical users only vs. mixed CSCs FUNCTION Supplying CSCs vs. non-supplying CSCs DISTRIBUTION ‘Exchange fairs’ vs. individual distribution (…) Moving underground? Laying the ground for CSC expansion? How are medical users’ needs best accommodated? (Re-)focus on activism? Less social contact? Implications for harm reduction (Belackova et al. 2016) & Blind zones: what about the cannabis? And the members?

For more information, please contact us at: THANK YOU! For more information, please contact us at: mafalda.pardal@ugent.be