Unit 3 Heat & Temperature Shiny, beveled text with reflection (Basic) To reproduce the text effects on this slide, do the following: On the Home tab, in the Slides group, click Layout, and then click Blank. On the Insert tab, in the Text group, click Text Box, and then on the slide, drag to draw the text box. Enter text in the text box, select the text, and then on the Home tab, in the Font group, select Gill Sans MT Condensed from the Font list, enter 95 in the Font Size box, and then click Bold. On the Home tab, in the Paragraph group, click Center to center the text in the text box. On the Home tab, in the Font group, click Character Spacing, and then click More Spacing. In the Font dialog box, on the Character Spacing tab, in the Spacing list, select Expanded. In the By box, enter 16. Select the space between two of the words in the text. On the Home tab, in the Font group, click Character Spacing, and then click Tight. Repeat the process for each space between words. Select the text. Under Drawing Tools, on the Format tab, in the WordArt Styles group, click the arrow next to Text Fill, click More Fill Colors, and then in the Colors dialog box, on the Custom tab, enter values for Red: 238, Green: 86, Blue: 10. Under Drawing Tools, on the Format tab, in the bottom right corner of the WordArt Styles group, click the Format Text Effects dialog box launcher. In the Format Text Effects dialog box, Click 3-D Format in the left pane, and then do the following in the right pane: Under Bevel, click the button next to Top, and then under Bevel click Circle (first row, first option from the left). Next to Top, in the Width box, enter 6.5 pt, and in the Height box, enter 8 pt. Under Contour, click the button next to Color, and then click Black, Text 1 (first row, second option from the left). In the Size box, enter 0.5 pt. Under Surface, click the button next to Material, and then under Standard click Metal (fourth option from the left). Click the button next to Lighting, and then under Neutral click Three Point (first row, first option from the left). In the Angle box, enter 30°. Under Drawing Tools, on the Format tab, in the WordArt Styles group, click Text Effects, point to Reflection, and then under Reflection Variations click Tight Reflection, touching (first row, first option from the left). To reproduce the background on this slide, do the following: Right-click the slide background area, and then click Format Background. In the Format Background dialog box, click Fill in the left pane, select Gradient fill in the right pane, and then do the following: In the Type list, select Linear. Click the button next to Direction, and then click Linear Down (first row, second option from the left). Under Gradient stops, click Add gradient stop or Remove gradient stop until three stops appear in the slider. Also under Gradient stops, customize the gradient stops that you added as follows: Select the first stop in the slider, and then do the following: In the Position box, enter 78%. Click the button next to Color, and then under Theme Colors click Black, Text 1 (first row, second option from the left). Select the next stop in the slider, and then do the following: In the Position box, enter 92%. Click the button next to Color, click More Colors, and then in the Colors dialog box, on the Custom tab, enter values for Red: 49, Green: 18, Blue: 17. Select the last stop in the slider, and then do the following: In the Position box, enter 100%. Click the button next to Color, and then under Theme Colors click Red, Accent 2, Darker 50% (sixth row, sixth option from the left).

Unit 3 Topic 3- Particle Model Shiny, beveled text with reflection (Basic) To reproduce the text effects on this slide, do the following: On the Home tab, in the Slides group, click Layout, and then click Blank. On the Insert tab, in the Text group, click Text Box, and then on the slide, drag to draw the text box. Enter text in the text box, select the text, and then on the Home tab, in the Font group, select Gill Sans MT Condensed from the Font list, enter 95 in the Font Size box, and then click Bold. On the Home tab, in the Paragraph group, click Center to center the text in the text box. On the Home tab, in the Font group, click Character Spacing, and then click More Spacing. In the Font dialog box, on the Character Spacing tab, in the Spacing list, select Expanded. In the By box, enter 16. Select the space between two of the words in the text. On the Home tab, in the Font group, click Character Spacing, and then click Tight. Repeat the process for each space between words. Select the text. Under Drawing Tools, on the Format tab, in the WordArt Styles group, click the arrow next to Text Fill, click More Fill Colors, and then in the Colors dialog box, on the Custom tab, enter values for Red: 238, Green: 86, Blue: 10. Under Drawing Tools, on the Format tab, in the bottom right corner of the WordArt Styles group, click the Format Text Effects dialog box launcher. In the Format Text Effects dialog box, Click 3-D Format in the left pane, and then do the following in the right pane: Under Bevel, click the button next to Top, and then under Bevel click Circle (first row, first option from the left). Next to Top, in the Width box, enter 6.5 pt, and in the Height box, enter 8 pt. Under Contour, click the button next to Color, and then click Black, Text 1 (first row, second option from the left). In the Size box, enter 0.5 pt. Under Surface, click the button next to Material, and then under Standard click Metal (fourth option from the left). Click the button next to Lighting, and then under Neutral click Three Point (first row, first option from the left). In the Angle box, enter 30°. Under Drawing Tools, on the Format tab, in the WordArt Styles group, click Text Effects, point to Reflection, and then under Reflection Variations click Tight Reflection, touching (first row, first option from the left). To reproduce the background on this slide, do the following: Right-click the slide background area, and then click Format Background. In the Format Background dialog box, click Fill in the left pane, select Gradient fill in the right pane, and then do the following: In the Type list, select Linear. Click the button next to Direction, and then click Linear Down (first row, second option from the left). Under Gradient stops, click Add gradient stop or Remove gradient stop until three stops appear in the slider. Also under Gradient stops, customize the gradient stops that you added as follows: Select the first stop in the slider, and then do the following: In the Position box, enter 78%. Click the button next to Color, and then under Theme Colors click Black, Text 1 (first row, second option from the left). Select the next stop in the slider, and then do the following: In the Position box, enter 92%. Click the button next to Color, click More Colors, and then in the Colors dialog box, on the Custom tab, enter values for Red: 49, Green: 18, Blue: 17. Select the last stop in the slider, and then do the following: In the Position box, enter 100%. Click the button next to Color, and then under Theme Colors click Red, Accent 2, Darker 50% (sixth row, sixth option from the left).

Particle Model Wave your hand in the air … is it easy? Imagine waving your hand under water … harder? Why is that? The Particle Model Theory!

Particle Model So everything is made of tiny, tiny particles. How tiny are we talking? *Drop of water on finger* Look at it closely… How many particles would you guess are holding it together … holding that single drop? 1 700 000 000 000 000 000 One thousand seven hundred million million million!

Particle Model Particle Model has 3 main ideas … All substances are made of tiny particles too small to be seen The particles are always in motion – vibrating, rotating (liquids/gasses) and moving around The particles have space between them

Temperature & Particle Model If the motion of the particles change the temperature changes When something is warmed its particles are moving quicker than normal When something is cooled its particles are moving slower than normal This leads us to the 4th point of the particle model 4) The motion of the particles increases when the temperature increases. The motion of the particles decreases when the temperature decreases!

http://www.polleverywhere.com/free_text_polls/g0auINYxMNHrBdC

Energy Energy A measure of something’s ability to do work (i.e.: to cause change) When something happens scientists are sure that energy is transferred from one to another

Thermal Energy Thermal Energy Energy associated with hot objects When something happens scientists are sure that energy is transferred from one to another Classic example … stove top! Element turns on and heats up The heated element transfers heat (thermal energy) to the pot You get a lovely bowl of Alphaghetti!

Thermal Energy What happens to your bedroom at night when it is cold? What if you turn on a heater in the room? What happens to the air in the room? The heat generated by the heater transfers thermal energy to the air Bedrooms are typically small so … What if we used the same small heater in our school gym? What would you expect to happen?

Thermal Energy No way José! The heater would generate the same amount of thermal energy to the air in the room BUT the room is much larger This means it contains more air particles and each particle only gets a tiny share of the available extra (thermal) energy So temperature goes up but not very much … in some cases you would not even fee the difference So in a visual …

Thermal Energy

Thermal Energy There is a direct connection between … Thermal Energy  Temperature Applying heat (heating) something increases the total energy of all the particles This average energy of the particles (it’s temperature) may increase a little or a lot So essentially the temperature change depends on the number of particles (i.e.: amount of material you are heating)

Thermal Energy So what about cooling something off? If you put an ice cube into a single glass of warm iced tea what happens? The ice cube absorbs the thermal energy as it melts With less energy the average motion of the particles in the lemonade slow down Temperature drops!

Thermal Energy So what about cooling something off? If you put an ice cube into a single glass of warm iced tea what happens? The ice cube absorbs the thermal energy as it melts With less energy the average motion of the particles in the lemonade slow down Temperature drops! CV CV

What is Energy?

Energy … Cont! Energy is not a substance! So what is it then? Not weighed, does not take up space, etc … So what is it then? Describes a quality or condition! Energy is measured in Joules (J) Energy is … The ability to do work, move or cause change(s) Thermal Energy Energy associated with hot objects

Energy … Cont! Law of Conservation of Energy Energy cannot be created or destroyed It can only be transformed from one type to another or passed from one object to another

Topic 4- Expansion & Contraction Unit 3 Topic 4- Expansion & Contraction Shiny, beveled text with reflection (Basic) To reproduce the text effects on this slide, do the following: On the Home tab, in the Slides group, click Layout, and then click Blank. On the Insert tab, in the Text group, click Text Box, and then on the slide, drag to draw the text box. Enter text in the text box, select the text, and then on the Home tab, in the Font group, select Gill Sans MT Condensed from the Font list, enter 95 in the Font Size box, and then click Bold. On the Home tab, in the Paragraph group, click Center to center the text in the text box. On the Home tab, in the Font group, click Character Spacing, and then click More Spacing. In the Font dialog box, on the Character Spacing tab, in the Spacing list, select Expanded. In the By box, enter 16. Select the space between two of the words in the text. On the Home tab, in the Font group, click Character Spacing, and then click Tight. Repeat the process for each space between words. Select the text. Under Drawing Tools, on the Format tab, in the WordArt Styles group, click the arrow next to Text Fill, click More Fill Colors, and then in the Colors dialog box, on the Custom tab, enter values for Red: 238, Green: 86, Blue: 10. Under Drawing Tools, on the Format tab, in the bottom right corner of the WordArt Styles group, click the Format Text Effects dialog box launcher. In the Format Text Effects dialog box, Click 3-D Format in the left pane, and then do the following in the right pane: Under Bevel, click the button next to Top, and then under Bevel click Circle (first row, first option from the left). Next to Top, in the Width box, enter 6.5 pt, and in the Height box, enter 8 pt. Under Contour, click the button next to Color, and then click Black, Text 1 (first row, second option from the left). In the Size box, enter 0.5 pt. Under Surface, click the button next to Material, and then under Standard click Metal (fourth option from the left). Click the button next to Lighting, and then under Neutral click Three Point (first row, first option from the left). In the Angle box, enter 30°. Under Drawing Tools, on the Format tab, in the WordArt Styles group, click Text Effects, point to Reflection, and then under Reflection Variations click Tight Reflection, touching (first row, first option from the left). To reproduce the background on this slide, do the following: Right-click the slide background area, and then click Format Background. In the Format Background dialog box, click Fill in the left pane, select Gradient fill in the right pane, and then do the following: In the Type list, select Linear. Click the button next to Direction, and then click Linear Down (first row, second option from the left). Under Gradient stops, click Add gradient stop or Remove gradient stop until three stops appear in the slider. Also under Gradient stops, customize the gradient stops that you added as follows: Select the first stop in the slider, and then do the following: In the Position box, enter 78%. Click the button next to Color, and then under Theme Colors click Black, Text 1 (first row, second option from the left). Select the next stop in the slider, and then do the following: In the Position box, enter 92%. Click the button next to Color, click More Colors, and then in the Colors dialog box, on the Custom tab, enter values for Red: 49, Green: 18, Blue: 17. Select the last stop in the slider, and then do the following: In the Position box, enter 100%. Click the button next to Color, and then under Theme Colors click Red, Accent 2, Darker 50% (sixth row, sixth option from the left).

Expansion & Contraction So what do we know about heating & cooling? Heat = faster moving particles Cold = slower moving particles But if we are talking about particles … how does that affect the space they take up? If something is heated it tends to expand because the particles are moving faster and further apart If something is cooled it tends to contract because the particles are moving slower and closer together

Expansion & Contraction GOOOOOOOOOAL!

Expansion & Contraction Denied!!!

Expansion & Contraction You can check if this is true by observing pure substances (i.e.: gold, oxygen, water) Solid State Definite shape, volume & cannot be compressed into a smaller space Liquid State Definite size (volume) but no fixed shape (take shape of container holding them) … not compressible Gas State No definite shape or volume … expand to fill all space in container

Expansion & Contraction Solids Let’s examine steel bars (Page 211 – Table 1) How does heat/cold affect the length of the bar? Now that is 100cm Liquids Imagine a thermometer changing temperatures As it moves up it takes more spaces (expands) and vice versa Would all liquids behave the same way?

Expansion & Contraction So … were you paying attention yesterday when we calculated how to measure contraction of steels? Challenge Time! I am an engineer, who knew, and I have been tasked with constructing a building that will be 150M wide by 250M tall. The average winter in the area averages out to -25oC. What kind of contraction should I anticipate?

Expansion & Contraction Gasses Difficult to observe but possible to make observations Far apart and moving freely Putting a balloon on the mouth of the beaker and heating the beaker will eventually fill the balloon up Why? The particles warm, excite (move faster and father apart  expand) and take up more space thereby filling the balloon