CRANIUM – THE SKULL Coto The skull is a head part of the skeleton. It is made up of a number of fused flat bones. It provides a protective cavity for the brain (cranial cavity) It also houses some organs such as eyes, ears, nose and mouth It has a defensive function by way of the horns It contains many foramina, processus and small cavities (sinuses) for the protection, defensive and supporting function. Coto
CRANIUM – THE SKULL Coto The skull is formed by several articulated flat bones The types of the joints between the bones are stationary sutura (except mandible and hyoid bone) Some of the bones (pneumatic bones) also have an air cavity (sinus) for some vital functions NEUROCRANIUM VISCEROCRANIUM Coto
CRANIUM – THE SKULL Coto The skull is composed of two parts; NEUROCRANIUM VISCEROCRANIUM (forms the cranial cavity) (supports the face) OS OCCIPITALE OS INTERPARIETALE OS PARIETALE OS FRONTALE OS ETHMOIDALE OS SPHENOIDALE OS TEMPORALE OS PTERYGOIDEUM VOMER - OS NASALE OS ROSTRALE OS LACRIMALE OS ZYGOMATICUM OS MAXILLARE OS INCISIVUM OS PALATINUM MANDIBULA OS HYOIDEUM Coto
NEUROCRANIUM It forms the margins of the cranial cavity of the skull which houses brain. It has a roof, a floor, and walls (laterl, nasal, nuchal) like a box Os occipitale Os interparietale Os parietale Os frontale Os ethmoidale Os sphenoidale Os temporale Os pterygoideum vomer Coto
OS OCCIPITALE It is located on the nuchal wall of the skull. It encloses the foramen magnum which links the brain and spinal cord. PARS BASILARIS Synchondrosis sphenooccipitalis Foramen lacerum (eq, su) Foramen jugulare (Car, ru) PARS LATERALIS Condylus occipitalis Processus jugularis Canalis ni hypoglossi SQUAMA OCCIPITALIS Crista nuchae (Car, eq, su) – Linea nuchae (ru) Protuberantia occipitalis externa (absent in Su) Coto
OS OCCIPITALE It is located on the nuchal wall of the skull. It encloses the foramen magnum which links the brain and spinal cord. PARS BASILARIS Synchondrosis sphenooccipitalis Foramen lacerum (eq, su) Foramen jugulare (Car, ru) PARS LATERALIS Condylus occipitalis Processus jugularis Canalis ni hypoglossi SQUAMA OCCIPITALIS Crista nuchae (Car, eq, su) – Linea nuchae (ru) Protuberantia occipitalis externa (absent in Su) Coto
OS INTERPARIETALE Coto It fuses with the parietal and occipal bones in adult Processus tentoricus (Car, eq) Tenterium cerebelli osseum Tenterium cerebelli membranaceum Coto
OS PARIETALE Coto Tuber parietale Crista sagittalis externa (eq ve car) Planum nuchale (bo) Planum parietale (ov, cap, su) Planum temporale Linea temporalis Coto
OS FRONTALE Coto SQUAMA FRONTALIS proc. cornualis (ru) protuberantia intercornualis (ru) proc.zygomaticus arcus orbitae lig.orbitale (Car, su) for.supraorbitale (Car’da yok) Sulcus supraorbitalis (ru) fossa glandulae lacrimalis PARS ORBITALIS PARS NASALIS Coto
OS ETHMOIDALE Coto It resembles a horizontally placed tube. Lamina perpendicularis crista galli Lamina cribrosa fossa ethmoidalis Lamina tectoria Lamina basalis Lamina orbitalis Ethmoturbinalia Coto
OS TEMPORALE The temporal bone is composed of squamous, petrosal and tympanic parts and forms the lateral wall of the cranial cavity. It articulates with the mandible (art.temporomandibularis). It consists of three parts; Pars squamosa, Pars petrosa, Pars tympanica Coto
Pars Squamosa It has a cup-like basal part which is involved in the formation of the lateral wall of the cranial cavity. Facies cerebralis Facies temporalis Linea temporalis Fossa temporalis Proc.zygomaticus Fossa mandibulae Coto
Pars Tympanica It is the retroventral part lying at the base of the skull. Porus acusticus externus Meatus acusticus externus Bulla tympanica (Absent in man Oval-shaped in eq and ov, Spere-shaped in Car, Well-developed in bo and su) Cavum tympani ***middle ear Coto
Pars Petrosa It is the caudoventral part of the temporal bone.It locates at the inner surface. Porus acusticus internus Meatus acusticus internus Proc.mastoideus (absent in su) Proc.styloideus (Ru, eq) ***hyoid bone attaches*** For.stylomastoideum (Canalis facialis) Coto
OS SPHENOIDALE It is an unpaired bone which forms the rostral part of the base of the cranial cavity. The shape of the bone like a wedge and it consists of two fused parts that are united synchondrosis intersphenoidalis at birth. OS PRESPHENOIDALE Ala orbitalis Corpus OS BASISPHENOIDALE Ala temporalis Proc.pterygoideus Coto
OS SPHENOIDALE Coto OS PRESPHENOIDALE Ala orbitalis crista orbitasphenoidale Corpus canalis opticus OS BASISPHENOIDALE Ala temporalis for.lacerum (for.caroticum; Car) (for.ovale; Car, ru) fossa hypophysialis dorsum sellae sella turcica Proc.pterygoideus Saddle : Atın eyeri Coto
OS SPHENOIDALE Coto ***Crista orbitasphenoidale for.ethmoidale (Car; forr.ethmoidalia) for.opticum fissura orbitalis (Car, eq) for.rotundum (Car, eq) for.orbitorotundum (Ru, su) for.alare orale (rostrale ) (Car, eq) for.alare aborale (caudale) (Car, eq) canalis alaris for.alare parvum (eq) Coto
OS PTERYGOIDEUM It is a small paired bones at the base of the skull. It contrubutes the forming of the lateral wall of the choana. It takes the form of a flat bone which is situated between pterygoid process of sphenoid and perpendicular lamina of palatine bones Coto
OS VOMER Coto It is a long unpaired bone that extends the nasal cavity sulcus vomeris ala vomeris Coto
VISCEROCRANIUM The bones of the face surround the nasal and oral cavity. Facial bones can show great variety in shape among species (even if within species especially in dogs). os nasale os rostrale os lacrımale os zygomatıcum os maxıllare os ıncısıvum os palatınum mandıbula os hyoıdeum Coto
OS NASALE Coto Eq, ov, su Bo, cap car It forms the roof of the nasal cavity. It is situated rostral to the frontal bone Inc.nasoincisiva (eq, su, bo) (absent in car) Inc.nasomaxillaris (ov) Processus nasalis : tapered rostral end Coto Eq, ov, su Bo, cap car
OS LACRIMALE Coto It forms the rostral wall of the orbit. Facies facialis Fossa lacrimalis externa (su, ov) Facies orbitalis Fossa sacci lacrimalis (absent in su) Foramen lacrimale Foramina lacrimalia (su) Canalis lacrimalis Bulla lacrimalis (well-developed in ox) Coto
OS ZYGOMATICUM Arcus zygomaticus : is formed by proc.temporalis of zygomatic bone and proc.zygomaticus of temporal bone Processus temporalis and Processus frontalis (ru) Crista facialis («S» shaped in ru) Coto
OS MAXILLA – Upper jaw Coto Upper jaw bone is the largest bone of the skull. Corpus maxilla Processus alveolaris is a longitudinal ridge projects ventrally Processus palatinus is a horizontal plate-like part that forms the basis of the hard palate. Coto
OS MAXILLA The Body Coto Crista facialis Tuber faciale (rum) For.infraorbitale Canalis infraorbitalis Coto
OS MAXILLA Alveolar process Coto Juga alveolaria is ridges formed by the roots of cheek teeth Margo alveolaris is free border of the bone for alveols of teeth Margo interalveolaris is a space without teeth Tuber maxilla is caudal enlarged part of the bone Fossa pterygopalatina I-For. maxillare II-For. sphenopalatinum III-For. palatinum aborale Coto
OS MAXILLA Palatine process Coto It forms both the floor of the nasal cavity and the roof of the oral cavity. Caudally; it fuses with the palatine bone and in front; it forms the palatine fissure Sutura palatina For. palatinum majus Canalis palatinus Coto
OS INCISIVUM It forms the apex of the skull and participates in forming the hard palate. Corpus ossis incisivi Foramen incisivum (eq, car) Fissura incisiva (ru, su) Processus palatinus Fissura palatina Processus nasalis Inc. nasoincisiva Processus alveolaris Coto
OS PALATINUM Coto It is situated behind the maxilla. Lamina horizontalis contrubutes to the formation of the hard palate Lamina perpendicularis margins the lateral wall of the choana Coto
MANDIBULA The Lower jaw bone Coto Mandible is the lowest part of the skull. It holds the lower teeth and attaches the cranium with a movable joint (art.temporomandibularis) The left and right bones are formed a rostral line (synchondrosis intermandibularis) by the fusion during mandibular development after birth Spatium mandibulare is a space between two bones. The tongue fills the space in living animals * CORPUS MANDIBULAE * RAMUS MANDIBULAE Coto
MANDIBULA The Body Coto Facies labialis Facies buccalis Facies lingualis Margo ventralis Margo alveolaris Alveoli dentales Margo interalveolaris Foramen mentale Foramina mentalia (car, su) Inc. vasorum facialium Coto
MANDIBULA The Arm Coto Processus muscularis ( proc.coronoideus ) Processus articularis ( proc.condylaris ) Caput mandibulae Collum mandibulae Incisura mandibulae Fossa masseterica (Car) Foramen mandibulae Canalis mandibulae Processus angularis (Car) Coto
OS HYOIDEUM Hyoid bone is a seperate bone from the cranium like mandible. It attaches the styloid process (mastoid process in car.) of the temporal bone and forms a slightly movable joint. The bone comprises several rod-shaped elements articulate with each other. Basihyoideum Proc. lingualis Thyrohyoideum Ceratohyoideum Epihyoideum Stylohyoideum Tympanohyoideum Coto