Domain Monera (PROKARYOTIC): - Archaea - Bacteria Chapter 16 Notes Domain Monera (PROKARYOTIC): - Archaea - Bacteria

Bacteria are very small

This is a pore in human skin and the yellow spheres are bacteria

Bacteria are very small compared to cells with nuclei

Bacteria compared to a white blood cell that is going to eat it

Clean skin has about 20 million bacteria per square inch

Evolution/Classification Bacteria are the most numerous and most ancient species on Earth Evolution has yielded many species adapted to survive where no other organisms can. Bacteria are grouped based on: Structure, physiology (function), molecular Composition and reaction to specific types of staining procedures. Eubacteria= typical germs/bacteria Archaebacteria

Archaebacteria

Kingdom Archaebacteria – Type, Structure, Functions Archaebacteria belongs to the domain Archaea (use to be one domain-Monera) Prokaryotes = unicellular organisms that lack a nucleus. Lack a peptidoglycan layer Have different membrane lipids than Eubacteria First discovered in extreme environments

Three types of Archaebacteria: Methanogens: Harvest energy by converting H2 and CO2 into methane gas Anaerobic, live in intestinal tracts Extreme halophiles: Salt loving, live in Great Salt Lake, and Dead sea. Thermophiles: Live in acid environments and high temps. Hot Springs, volcanic vents

Chemosynthetic bacteria use the sulfur in the “smoke” for energy to make ATP.

The red color of this snow is due to a blue-green bacteria

Nutrition: Same as Eubacteria! Reproduction and Growth:

Eubacteria

Kingdom Eubacteria SHOW ME Types, Structure, Functions Can have one of 3 basic shapes: Bacilli – rod-shaped Spirilla – spiral-shaped Cocci – sphere-shaped Staphylo– in grape-like clusters Strepto – in chains SHOW ME

BACTERIA PICS

Bacillus bacteria are rod or oval shaped

Coccus bacteria are sphere or circle shaped

Spirillium bacteria have a corkscrew shape

Diplo-bacteria occur in pairs, such as the diplococcus bacteria that causes gonorrhea

Staphylo-bacteria occur in clumps, such as this staphylococcus bacteria that causes common infections of cuts

Strepto- bacteria occur in chains of bacteria, such as this streptococcus bacteria that causes some types of sore throats

Gram Stain Gram-positive retain stain and appear purple Have thicker layer in cell wall. Gram-negative do not retain stain and take second pink stain instead. Phylum Shape Movement Metabolism Gram reaction Cyanobacteria Bacilli, Cocci Gliding, some non-motile Aerobic, photosynthetic autotrophic Gram-negative Spirochetes Spirals Corkscrew Aerobic, and anaerobic; heterotrophic Gram-Pos Bacilli, cocci Flagella; some non-motile Aer/anaer.; heterotrophic, photosynthetic Mostly gram-positive Proteobacteria Bacilli, cocci, spiral Aer/anaer.; heterotrophic, photosynthetic autotrophic

STRUCTURE OF BACTERIA Structure Function Cell Wall Protects and gives shape Outer Membrane Protects against antibodies (Gram Neg. Only) Cell Membrane Regulates movement of materials, contains enzymes important to cellular respiration Cytoplasm Contains DNA, ribosomes, essential compounds Chromo-some Carries genetic information Plasmid Contains some genes obtained through recomb. Capsule & Slime Layer Protects the cell and assist in attaching cell to other surfaces Endospore Protects cell against harsh environments Pilus Assists the cell in attaching to other surfaces Flagellum Moves the cell

No Nucleus-DNA in Cytoplasm

Nutrition and Growth: Temperature requirements Heterotrophic or Autotrophic Some are Photoautotrophs – Use sunlight for Energy Some are Chemoautotrophs. Many are Obligate Anaerobes. Oxygen = Death Ex. Clostridium tetani – Tetanus Some are Faculatative Anaerobes With or without Oxygen Ex. Escherichia Coli Some are Obligate Aerobes Ex. Mycobacterium tuberculosis Temperature requirements Some are Thermophilic, Some prefer acidic envmt.

These heterotrophic bacteria digest oil -- remember oil is partially decayed plant and animal cells

Reproduction and Growth: DNA is circle or loop shape Asexual reproduction Reproduce through BINARY FISSION. Binary Fission is like mitosis but produce a COMPLETELY new organism! (Not just a new part of an organism) Can reproduce and grow very quickly – thousands of new bacteria within minutes!

BACTERIAL REPRODUCTION 1) First the DNA is copied

NEXT THE CYTOPLASM AND CELL DIVIDES Then the two resulting cells are split. 3) Offspring are identical

In addition to the large chromosomal DNA, bacteria have many small loops of DNA called Plasmids.

Genetic Recombination Nonreproductive methods bacteria can acquire new genetic material. Transformation Conjugation Transduction Method of DNA Transfer Across cell wall and cell membrane of recipient (Griffith’s Experiments with mice!) Through a conjugation bridge between two cells By a virus

TRANSFORMATION This plasmid of DNA is new to the bacteria – added by transformation! Produces the glowing protein

CONJUGATION

TRANSDUCTION

Some bacteria cause diseases and are called PATHOGENIC.

Bacteria and Disease Disease Pathogen Areas affected Mode of transmission Botulism Clostridium botulinum Nerves Improperly preserved food Cholera Vibrio cholerae Intestine Contaminated water Dental Caries Streptococcus mutans, sanguis, salivarius Teeth Environment to mouth Gonorrhea Neisseria gonorrhoeae Urethra, fallopian Sexual contact Lyme disease Berrelia burgdorferi Skin, joints Tick bite Rocky Mountain SF Rickettsia recketsii Blood, skin Salmonella Contaminated food, water Strep throat Streptococcus pyogenes URT, blood, skin Sneezes, coughs, etc. Tetanus Costridium tetani Contaminated wounds Tuberculosis Mycobacterium tuberculosis Lung, bones coughs

Helicobacterpylori is the pathogenic bacteria that can causes ulcers

Leprosy is a bacterial infection that decreases blood flow to the extremities resulting in the deterioration of toes, ears, the nose and the fingers.

BOTOX – uses bacteria that causes botulism (spoiled canned food)

CHOLERA

DENTAL CARIES

ROCKY MOUNTAIN SF

LYME DISEASE

SALMONELLA

STREP THROAT

TUBERCULOSIS

Common Antibiotics Antibiotic Mechanism Target bacteria Penicillin Inhibits cell wall synthesis Gram Positive Ampicillin Broad spectrum Bacitracin Gram Positive – Skin Ointment Cephalosporin Tetracycline Inhibits Protein Synthesis Streptomycin Gram Neg. tuberculosis Sulfa drug Inhibits cell metabolism Bacterial meningitis, UTI Rifampin Inhibits RNA synthesis Gram Pos., some Neg. Quinolines Inhibits DNA Synthesis UTI

Antibiotic use: Through antibiotics, many bacteria can be killed. Therefore many of the diseases are treatable. However, many antibiotics have been overused, causing bacterial diseases to become more difficult to treat. = Antibiotic resistance

Useful and Helpful Bacteria: Examples: Producing and Processing dairy foods like cheeses, yogurts, etc. Breaking down dead organic material in decomposition. Intestinal bacteria help produce necessary nutrients, break down food, and aid in immunity.

The End of Archaebacteria and Eubacteria Notes!