Chapter 20.1-20.2 – Industry and Railroads Essential Questio Who was responsible for building the first transcontinental railroad, AND how did the railroad and the industrial revolution change life in America?

Industrial Revolution Continues Throughout 1880s factory production expanded throughout US Reasons: Plentiful natural resources Growing population Improved transportation High immigration New inventions Investment capital Government assistance

Steel Before mid 1800s steel was very expensive to manufacture due to steel-making process using huge amounts of coal In 1850s new process for making steel developed using 1/7th the coal called the Bessemer steel process. Nation’s steel output increased 500 times between 1867 and 1900 Plows, barbed wire, nails, beams for buildings, and railroads made from steel

Iron & Steel Production

Edison and Electricity Edison’s laboratory invented so many things Edison received more than 1,000 U.S. patents Most famous invention was practical electric lighting (Electric lights had been invented but were too bright and “flickery”) Invented light bulb in 1879 By late 1880s Edison’s factory produced about a million light bulbs a year Thomas Edison

U. S. Patents Granted

For your Information: Other Inventions 1846- Sewing machines invented by Elias Howe 1867- Typewriter invented by Christopher Latham Sholes 1873 – Jeans invented by Levi Strauss 1876- Alexander Graham Bell invented telephone 1877 - Thomas Edison invented cylinder phonograph (music) 1880 – British Perforated Paper Company invents a form of toilet paper 1886 – John Pemberton invents Coca Cola 1888 – Thomas Edison invents the first Kinetoscope (Motion Picture Camera) 1893 – W.L. Judson invents the zipper 1903 – Orville and Wilbur Wright invent first successful flying machine to carry a person 1908 – Henry Ford begins producing Model T Cars

Alexander Graham Bell Telephone (1876)

The Phonograph (1877)

The Ediphone or Dictaphone

The Motion Picture Camera (1888)

The Airplane (1903) Wilbur Wright Orville Wright Kitty Hawk, NC – December 7, 1903

Model T Automobile (1908) Henry Ford “I want to pay my workers so that they can afford my product!”

Transcontinental Railroad 1862- Congress passed bill calling for 2 companies to build transcontinental railroad across center of U.S. Central Pacific Railroad, lead by Leland Stanford, would start in Sacramento, CA, and build East Leland Stanford, as CPR President, was one of the “Big Four” from the Central Pacific Railroad others included Collis Huntington (VP), Mark Hopkins (Treasurer), and Charles Crocker (Construction Supervisor) Union Pacific Railroad would start in Omaha, NE, and build west

Building the Railroad Govt lent Central Pacific and Union Pacific Railroads millions of dollars and gave them 20 sq miles of land for every mile of track laid Central Pacific faced labor shortage due to men wanting to be miners, so instead hired Chinese immigrants (over 10,000 in all) Chinese worked hard, often given most dangerous jobs, due to health and eating habits often stayed healthier than white workers Union Pacific hired mostly Civil War vets and immigrants from Ireland Railroad lines completed meeting point in Promontory , Utah in 1869 By 1890 the railroads earned $734 million per year carrying freight By 1895 four more U.S. lines had been built across the continent

Central Pacific Railroad

How were the Chinese treated?

“The Big Four” Railroad Magnates of the Central Pacific Railroad Charles Crocker Collis Huntington Mark Hopkins Leland Stanford

Union Pacific Railroad

Promontory Point, UT (May 10, 1869)

Railroad Time Before railroads each community determined its own time based on calculations of sun’s travels (Known as “solar time”). Solar time caused problems for people who scheduled trains crossing several time zones RR companies set up standard time in 1883, Congress didn’t officially adopt standard time until 1918

Railroads Created “Standard Time”

Economic and Social Changes Railroads changed people’s lives in many ways: Linked economies of West and East Helped people settle in the West Weakened Native American hold on West Gave people more control of the environment (didn’t have to live as close to waterways)

Summary Write a 10 sentence summary answering the EQ with details! Who was responsible for building the first transcontinental railroad AND how did the railroad and industrial revolution change life in America?