Subject Name: Computer Communication Networks Subject Code: 10EC71 Prepared By: Kala H S & Megha Gupta Department: ECE Date: 11/16/2018

Delivery, Forwarding, and Routing UNIT - 7 Network Layer: Delivery, Forwarding, and Routing 11/16/2018

TOPICS TO BE COVERED Delivery Forwarding Unicast Routing Protocols Multicast Routing protocols 11/16/2018

Introduction Delivery - the way a packet is handled by the underlying networks network layer. Forwarding - the way a packet is delivered to the next station. Routing - the way routing tables are created to help in forwarding. Routing protocols - continuously update - are consulted for forwarding and routing. 11/16/2018

DELIVERY The network layer supervises the handling of the packets by the underlying physical networks. We define this handling as the delivery of a packet. 11/16/2018

FORWARDING Forwarding means to place the packet in its route to its destination. Forwarding requires a host or a router to have a routing table. When a host has a packet to send or when a router has received a packet to be forwarded, it looks at this table to find the route to the final destination. 11/16/2018

Next-Hop Method Versus Route Method 11/16/2018

Network-Specific Method Versus Host-Specific Method 11/16/2018

Default Method 11/16/2018

Example 1 Make a routing table for router R1, using the configuration in figure below. 11/16/2018

Solution Routing table for router R1 11/16/2018

UNICAST ROUTING PROTOCOLS A routing table can be either static or dynamic. A static table is one with manual entries. A dynamic table is one that is updated automatically when there is a change somewhere in the Internet. A routing protocol is a combination of rules and procedures that lets routers in the Internet inform each other of changes. 11/16/2018

Intra- and Interdomain Routing Example of Routing Protocols 11/16/2018

Distance vector routing tables 11/16/2018

Updating in distance vector routing 11/16/2018

Link state routing 11/16/2018

- In unicast communication, there is one source and one destination. MULTICAST ROUTING PROTOCOLS Unicasting - In unicast communication, there is one source and one destination. - A unicast packet starts from the source S1 and passes through routers to reach the destination D1. - In unicasting, when a router receives a packet, it forwards the packet through only one of its interfaces (the one belonging to the optimum path) as defined in the routing table. - The router may discard the packet if it cannot find the destination address in its routing table. 11/16/2018

Multicasting - One source & a group of destinations. - The relationship is one-to-many. - In this type of communication, the source address is a unicast address, but the destination address is a group address, which defines one or more destinations. - The group address identifies the members of the group. - A multicast packet starts from the source S1 and goes to all destinations that belong to group G1. - In multicasting, when a router receives a packet, it may forward it through several of its interfaces. 11/16/2018

Broadcasting - In broadcast communication, the relationship between the source and the destination is one-to-all. - There is only one source, but all the other hosts are the destinations. - The Internet does not explicitly support broadcasting because of the huge amount of traffic it would create and because of the bandwidth it would need. Imagine the traffic generated in the Internet if one person wanted to send a message to everyone else connected to the Internet. 11/16/2018

Multicasting versus multiple unicasting Multicasting starts with one single packet from the source that is duplicated by the routers. The destination address in each packet is the same for all duplicates. Note that only one single copy of the packet travels between any two routers. 11/16/2018

Multicasting versus multiple unicasting In multiple unicasting, several packets start from the source. If there are five destinations, for example, the source sends five packets, each with a different unicast destination address. Note that there may be multiple copies traveling between two routers. For example, when a person sends an e-mail message to a group of people, this is multiple unicasting. The e-mail software creates replicas of the message, each with a different destination address and sends them one by one. 11/16/2018

Acknowledgement : MY SINCERE THANKS TO By Kala H S & Megha Gupta THE AUTHOR PROF.BEHROUZ A FOROUZAN. BECAUSE THE ABOVE PRESENTATION MATERIALS ARE HEAVILY BORROWED FROM HIS TEXTBOOK “DATA COMMUNICATION & NETWORKING” 4TH EDITION, PUBLISHER TATA MCGRAW HILL SURESHA V. PROFESSOR, DEPT. OF E&C, KVG COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING. SULLIA, D.K - 574 327 By Kala H S & Megha Gupta Assistant Professor 11/16/2018