The Former Yugoslavia Must copy what is in blue! Location of Franz-Ferdinand’s assassination

Yugoslavia means “Land of the Southern Slavs” Late 1980’s: the USSR had major internal problems & gave E. Europe more freedom. 1990: E. Europe ended Communist control in each country.

Each ethnic group wanted their own country & government. Yugoslavia had the largest multi-ethnic population & conflict erupted quickly. Each ethnic group wanted their own country & government. Ethnic group distribution in Communist Yugoslavia

Balkanization: Definition: the process of breaking up a region along ethnic lines into small, mutually hostile political units. It often involves violence. The current countries we will address in these notes were once all a part of communist Yugoslavia.

After WWII, the USSR placed several ethnic groups in this country & made Josip Tito the dictator. Tito was able to hold them unified under his rule, and kept it independent from the USSR. But, after his death in 1980 the country went through balkanization.

SLOVENIA Most western – physically & ideologically. Roman Catholic 10 day battle for independence Democracy E.U. & NATO member

MACEDONIA Macedonians, & Albanians At independence, was the least developed of the new Republics Eastern Orthodox & Muslim Democracy UN sanctions & Greek embargo hindered growth until 1996. Lack of Albanian rights almost caused a war in 2001.

CROATIA Roman Catholic Minority Serb (ethnic group) War with Serbs 1991 – 1995 Presidential/Parliamentary Democracy Many view past leaders as too authoritative.

BOSNIA-HERZEGOVINA 3 groups fighting for control: Bosnians, 40% (Muslim) Serbs, 33% (Eastern Orthodox) Croats, 27% (Catholic) Civil War 1992 – 1995 NATO/E.U. forces patrol The UN sent peace-keeping forces to slow/ stop the war. NO Ethnic Majority

Bosnia-Herzegovina cont. An arms embargo was declared by the UN. Embargo worked on Croats & Muslims, but Serbs still supplied by Yugoslavia. Once embargo was lifted, Serbs lost advantage and a peace, Dayton Peace Accord, was negotiated. Now a democracy Ethnic tensions remain Historic bridge in Mostar re-opened

ETHNIC CLEANSING The policy of trying to eliminate an ethnic group through violence. Methods used by advancing armies include murder, rape, and arson. Graves marked with plastic bottles 250,000+ murdered Tens of thousands of women were raped, some of them more than a hundred times. Other civilians were beaten & tortured in concentration camps. Millions lost their homes due to "ethnic cleansing."

Serbia & Montenegro (Yugoslavia) Strong Serb nationalism since 1980. After Tito died, only Serbs will rule Want “Greater Serbia” Supported Serbs in Bosnia & Kosovo Tito

Serbia & Montenegro (Yugoslavia) Serbs practiced ethnic cleansing against Albanians in Kosovo until 1999. Former President Milosevic was put on trial for war crimes before the UN’s’ Court of Justice The “Butcher of the Balkans”

Serbia & Montenegro (Yugoslavia) cont. President Kostunica elected 9/2000. (now a Serbian prime minister) 2/2003 changed name to Serbia & Montenegro 3/2003 elected Marovic (a Montenegran) as Serbia & Montenegro’s President All sanctions lifted, but infrastructure still bad from bombing Serbia & Montenegro had individual presidential positions Kostunica Marovic

Slobodan Milosevic Milosevic faced 66 charges relating to war crimes carried out in Bosnia, Croatia & Kosovo from 1991 – 1999. Acted as his own lawyer. His trial started in February 2002, but he died on March 11, 2006. The revolution to oust Milosevic

Milosevic’s Death There were many conspiracies that Milosevic was murdered (poisoned). An autopsy proved he died of a heart attack. Many of his victims were left disappointed. They felt Milosevic escaped justice. He was buried in Serbia; his family did not attend as they were wanted on charges in Serbia.

Milosevic divides Belgrade in death as in life! Opponents Celebrate Mourners

Serbia & Montenegro Split May 21, 2006: Montenegro voted to split from Serbia by a slim majority. Serbia & Montenegro had a loose alliance where they only shared defense & foreign affairs. Marovic, Serbia-Montenegro’s President resigned. This move has sent both states scrambling to decide how to divide armed forces, diplomatic missions, common assets & responsibilities. Montenegro’s Prime Minister

KOSOVO Province of Serbia (was a part of the historic Serbian heartland) Albanian majority, 90% Serbs used ethnic cleansing in 1998 – created a refugee problem NATO bombed Serbia in 1999 Now patrolled by NATO/E.U. forces.

Refugees of Kosovo NATO bombs Serbia’s capital over Kosovo Member of the KLA- Kosovo’s forces Refugees of Kosovo

The Aftermath