CERTAINTY 11/16/2018

Read the dialogue carefully Berta : We must visit Budi, but it is raining Ana : How is Budi? Berta : He has been absent for a week. My teacher wanted me to see her Ana : He may be sick Berta : I think so. If he was sick, he had to send permission letter. He did not do it. Ana : Why must you go to Budi’s house? Berta : Because our house is nearer to his house than the other friends Ana : If you are going now, you must wear a raincoat or bring an umbrella Berta : You are right. We may be sick if we walk under the rain without A raincoat or an umbrella. 11/16/2018

1*I am certain that most of my students will pass their exam.   CERTAINTY Examples Present /Future Expression: I am certain that……/I am absolutely certain that……/I am very certain that……. / 1*I am certain that most of my students will pass their exam. 2*I am absolutely sure that women have become much more stronger in our society Modal Verbs:S+ must +verb inf S+Can’t +verb inf (when you are certain that something is impossible) ALI:       Rashid has got 18/20 in English test! BIHIM: He must be a hard working student. (this is the conclusion I draw from  Ali’s statement).= I am certain that Rashid is hard working 11/16/2018

2-I am absolutely sure that Bush made a mistake in his war on Iraq. Past Expressions: Use the expressions above with the verb in the past———————————–example 1-I am certain that Milosevic committed war crimes against Bosnian Muslims. 2-I am absolutely sure that Bush made a mistake in his war on Iraq. Modals:S+ Must + have + past participle. Ali:My friend Rashid didn’t come to class yesterday. I don’t know why! Farid: He must have been sick. I saw him in the pharmacy.= I am certain he was sick 11/16/2018

Uncertainty/possibility Examples Present /Future   Uncertainty/possibility Examples Present        /Future Expression: I think that…./ I suppose that …../It’s likely that…./It’s unlikely that……/It’s possible that…/ perhaps…/maybe…./ 1*It’s likely that most of my students will pass their exam. 2*It’ s possible that most young people in our country need some help. Modal Verbs: S+ may/might/can/could + verb in the inf. ALI:       Rashid always gets good marks in his English tests. BIHIM: He might be a hard working student. (this is possible). 11/16/2018

Modals: might/could + have + past participle. Expressions: Use the expressions above with the verb in the past—————————————————————example——————— 1-It’s likely that my friend Fred was on holiday last weekend because he didn’t come to the foot-ball match we had. Modals: might/could + have + past participle. Ali: My friend Rashid didn’t come to class yesterday. I don’t know why! Farid: He could have been sick. =I am not certain he was sick but it’s possible that he was sick. 11/16/2018

Modals expressing present and future certainty / Here we discuss structures that show how certain the speaker is whether something happens or will happen. Between the two extremes (the first and the last sentence below) the order of the structures (might, may, could etc.) expresses a growing amount of certainty. He can't be at home. (= I'm sure he is not at home.) He might be at home. He may be at home. He could be at home. He is likely to be at home. It is likely that he is at home. He must be at home. (= I'm sure he is at home.) 11/16/2018

'Should I stay or should I go?' Should can also express uncertainty if used in questions, which can be interpreted as asking for advice. 'Should I stay or should I go?' Note that for future certainty we use be bound to. He is bound to be at home at 5. (= I'm sure he will be at home at 5.) 11/16/2018