Kingdom Archaea and Kingdom eubacteria

Random fact You Eat Eubacteria Every Day and Don’t Realize It. Many of the food products that humans eat every day are because of the work of eubacteria. The curds that come from the cheese making process are a direct result of eubacteria that are introduced. You can even find eubacteria in a jar of pickles that you purchase from the grocery store. They are considered useful component of human health. Random fact

I will be able to describe the unifying characteristics of both Kingdom Archae and Kingdom Eubacteria I will be able to draw a prokaryotic cell and label the various parts Learning goals

Archaebacteria vs eubacteria https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vAR47-g6tlA

What Is A Prokaryotic Cell? Prokaryotes are single-celled organisms. They are the smallest, simplest organisms. They lack a nucleus or other complex organelles

Kingdom archaea Found in anaerobic and extreme conditions These are believed to be the conditions on the early Earth. The earliest organisms were anaerobic. Also in soils, oceans, and marshlands. They are also part of the human microbiota, found in the colon, oral cavity, and skin (high [salt], high temperature, and/or low pH. Kingdom archaea

There are 4 different types of archaebacteria Methanogens: live in oxygen free environments and produce methane gas (found in digestive tracts of animals) Halophiles: live in very high concentration of salt (such as Great Salt Lake - 32% salt) Thermophiles: lives in high temperature and high sulfur (such as deep sea vents) Psychrophile: lives in very cold temperatures (such as polar regions) There are 4 different types of archaebacteria

Kingdom Eubacteria Larger of the two prokaryote kingdoms Traditional bacteria group Cell wall with peptidoglycan & a cell membrane Kingdom Eubacteria

This group includes the traditional bacteria and is the largest of the two Cell walls contain peptidoglycan Kingdom eubacteria

movement Cilia and flagella. If a cell is fixed in place, they can also cause water to move across the surface of a cell. Hair-like cilia (singular, cilium) and tail-like flagella (singular, flagellum) are projections from the cell. By repetitive beating (like a bending motion), they cause the cell to move. Think of oars in a boat. Flagella can propel the cell by waving back and forth. movement

Basic shapes of bacteria Bacteria have 3 main shapes: Rod – also know as bacilli Sphere - cocci Spiral - spirilli Bacteria can also grow in colonies of 2 cells, form long chains or large clumps/clusters Basic shapes of bacteria

Draw and label two bacteria A gram POSTIVE bacteria, labelling: 1. DNA 2. pili 3. plasmid 4. capsule 5. cell wall 6. cell membrane 7. flagellum 8. cytoplasm 9. ribosomes A gram NEGATIVE bacteria, labelling: 1. DNA 2. pili 3. plasmid 4. capsule 5. cell wall 6. cell membrane 7. flagellum 8. cytoplasm 9. ribosomes Draw and label two bacteria

Binary fission Form of asexual reproduction Mode of reproduction for most bacteria No exchange or recombination of genetic material All daughter cells are identical No genetic variation Can split every 20 minutes Binary fission

Sexual reproduction in bacteria There is genetic variation 1. Transformation - picking up DNA that was left from previous bacteria 2. Transduction - virial transfer of DNA 3. Conjugation - using pili to attach and transfer DNA to another bacteria Sexual reproduction in bacteria

How bacteria obtain energy Most are heterotrophs (must eat food) Some are parasites which live on a living host. Some are decomposers, feeding on dead organisms and waste (saprotrophs) Some are autotrophs (can make own food) How bacteria obtain energy

Making agar plates Equipment to use: Scale Beaker Petri dish Stir rod Hotplate Journal Making agar plates

Wash all parts of your petri dishes very well. Dry them very well. 2.8 g of agar in 200 ml of DISTILLED water 200 ml of mixed agar will pour ~ 8 Petri dishes boil water and agar on hot plate (stir constantly) - boil until broth is clear (about 10 minutes) cool down (covered with aluminum foil) until about 60 degrees label your petri dishes with you initials put on tray and into fridge until Wednesday Making agar plates