Chapter 1 Nature of Science Recognize that science is a progressive endeavor that reevaluates and extends what is already accepted. Design and conduct scientific investigations to explore new phenomena, verify previous results, test how well a theory predicts, and compare opposing theories.

Nature of Science Curiosity is the basis of science Why? How? What if? Scientific results are based on finding answers Observations Qualitative: descriptive color, shape, state Quantitative: numerical how much

Science and Technology Science is a system of knowledge and the method used to find that knowledge The goal of science is to expand understanding Technology is the use of knowledge to solve practical problems The goal of technology is to apply that knowledge How are they related? Advances in one lead to advances in the other

Branches of Natural Science Physical Physics Chemistry Engineering Earth Geology Astronomy Meteorology Oceanography Life Biology Botany Ecology Medicine Natural Science Physical Earth Life Overlap occurs to help explain each branch more fully

Mrs. Coulter Says Do pages 3-4 Complete diagram on page 3

Scientific Method A plan for gathering, organizing, and communicating information The goal is to solve a problem or better understand an observed event

Steps of the Scientific Method Observation Information from senses Question Hypothesis Proposed answer to question Experiment Analyze Conclude Supported? Perform more experiments Not supported? Revise hypothesis

Experiment Testing hypothesis Variables Manipulated Variable Any factor that can change during experiment Manipulated Variable Independent Variable Affects other variables Responding Variable Dependent Variable Changes based on manipulated variable Controlled Experiment Only one manipulated variable changed at a time

Theory versus Law Scientific law is a statement that summarizes a pattern in nature and is true all the time Gravity Newton’s 3 laws Scientific theory is an explanation based on experimental results

Mrs. Coulter Says Do pages 5-6 Skip the diagram on page 5

Scientific Notation What is 49050000? What is 0.0000000087? Makes large or small numbers easier to deal with Avogadro's number: 6.02x1023 atoms/mole Mass of electron 9.11x10-31 kg What is 49050000? 4.905x107 What is 0.0000000087? 8.7x10-9 Multiplication (3.0x108)(5.0x102) =15x1010 =1.5x1011

Units Scientists use SI units/metric units Use the same units to understand what everyone means Base units Measurement Unit Symbol Length Meter m Mass Kilogram kg Temperature Kelvin K Time Second s Volume Liter L

Prefixes Multiples of ten giga- G Billion 109 1,000,000,000 mega- M Million 106 1,000,000 kilo- K Thousand 103 1000 hecta- H Hundred 102 100 deca- D Ten 10 10 deci- d Tenth 10-1 0.1 centi- c Hundredth 10-2 0.01 milli- m Thousandth 10-3 0.001 micro- μ Millionth 10-6 0.000001 nano- n Billionth 10-9 0.000000001

Ladder Method To use the Ladder Method: Determine the starting point Kilo k 1000 To convert to a smaller unit, move decimal point to the right (multiply) Hecta h 100 Deka D or dk 10 Base Unit m, L, g To convert to a larger unit, move decimal point to the left (divide) Deci d 0.1 Centi c 0.01 Milli m 0.001 To use the Ladder Method: Determine the starting point Determine the ending point Count the “jumps” to get there Move the decimal that number of times in that direction 4 km = _________ m Starting point? Ending point? How many jumps does it take? 4. __ . __ . __ . = 4,000 m

Conversion Practice Try these conversions using the ladder method. Kilo k To convert to a smaller unit, move decimal point to the right (multiply) Hecta h Deka D Base Unit To convert to a larger unit, move decimal point to the left (divide) Deci d Centi c Milli m Try these conversions using the ladder method. 1000 mg = ______ g 160 cm = ______ mm 109 g = ______ kg 1 L = ______ L 14 km = ______ m 250 m = ______ km Compare using <, >, or =. 56 cm 6 m 7 g 698 mg

Conversion Practice Write the correct abbreviation for each metric unit. 1) Kilogram _____ 4) Milliliter _____ 7) Kilometer _____ 2) Meter _____ 5) Millimeter _____ 8) Centimeter _____ 3) Gram _____ 6) Liter _____ 9) Milligram _____ Try these conversions, using the ladder method. 10) 2000 mg = _______ g 15) 5 L = _______ mL 20) 16 cm = _______ mm 11) 104 km = _______ m 16) 198 g = _______ kg 21) 2500 m = _______ km 12) 480 cm = _____ m 17) 75 mL = _____ L 22) 65 g = _____ mg 13) 5.6 kg = _____ g 18) 50 cm = _____ m 23) 6.3 cm = _____ mm 14) 8 mm = _____ cm 19) 5.6 m = _____ cm 24) 120 mg = _____ g Compare using <, >, or =. 25) 63 cm 6 m 27) 5 g 508 mg 29) 1,500 mL 1.5 L 26) 536 cm 53.6 dm 28) 43 mg 5 g 30) 3.6 m 36 cm

Limits of Measurements Precision How exact a measurement is Accuracy How close a measurement is to the actual result Significant Figures All digits that are known and the last that is estimated 26.04g—4 sig figs 0.00059—2 sig figs 1000—1 sig fig

Temperature Thermometers measure temperature of substances Americans use Fahrenheit ⁰F=1.8(⁰C) + 32 Metric unit is Celsius ⁰C=5/9(⁰F – 32) SI Unit is Kelvin K=273 + ⁰C

Mrs. Coulter Says Do pages 7-8 Skip the box on page 7

Line Graphs Line Graphs Slope (rise/run) Manipulated variable on x- axis (horizontal) Responding variable on y- axis (vertical) Slope (rise/run) Steepness of line Ratio of changes Direct proportion-if one variable increases, the other does too Straight line Inverse proportion-product of variable is constant Curved line

Bar Graphs Compares sets of measurements, amounts, changes

Circle Graphs Shows percentage of parts compared to whole

Mrs. Coulter Says Do pages 9-10 Skip the box on page 9 Note pages are first (in order) Then workbook pages (in order) Staple the top left Make sure your name is on it Turn it in