The Counter-Reformation aka the Catholic Reformation
The Complutensian Polyglot Bible
Gasparo Cardinal Contarini, a Catholic reformer
Reginald Cardinal Pole, another reform-minded Catholic leader
Juan de Valdes (+1541), Spanish humanist
Vittoria Colonna (1490-1547), friend of humanists and love interest of Michelangelo (the sketch of her to the left is by Michelangelo)
Giulia Gonzaga (1512-1566), Italian noblewoman and friend of Juan de Valdes
Peter Martyr Vermigli, Italian reformer
Charles V, the Holy Roman emperor (Titian portrait)
The Landgrave Philipp of Hesse (1504-1567) – a strong supporter of the Reformation … and a bigamist
Philipp of Hesse and Christine of Saxony
Margarethe von der Saale, Philipp of Hesse’s second wife
Maurice of Saxony, Protestant duke and leader, 1521-1553
Pope Paul III (1534-1549)
The Council of Trent (1545-1563)
The Inquisition
Tomas de Torquemada, inquisitor
Philip II, King of Spain (r.1554-1598)
Index of Prohibited Books
Ignatius Loyola, founder of the Society of Jesus (S.J.)
Loyola’s Spiritual Exercises
St. Teresa of Avila, founder of the Discalced Carmelites
The Ecstasy of St.Theresa, by Gianlorenzo Bernini (ca 1650)
St. John of the Cross, another Spanish mystic
A Golden Age in Spain for the arts coexists with this outpouring of religious fervor; sometimes the two overlap (see El Greco’s paintings, e.g.)
El Greco’s The Burial of Count Orgel (1586-1588)
El Greco’s View of Toledo (1596-1600)