2.05 Remember the structures of the respiratory system

Structures of the respiratory system Upper Respiratory System Nose Sinuses Pharynx Epiglottis Larynx Lower Respiratory System Trachea Lungs 2.05 Remember the structures of the respiratory system

Structures of the Upper Respiratory System Nose Nasal cavity – space behind the nose Vestibular region Olfactory region Respiratory region Nasal septum – cartilage that divides the nose into right and left sides Turbinates – scroll-like bones in the respiratory region Cilia – nose hairs Why do we have nose hair? 2.05 Remember the structures of the respiratory system

2.05 Remember the structures of the respiratory system Nose 2.05 Remember the structures of the respiratory system

Structures of the Upper Respiratory System Sinuses - Cavities in the skull. Ducts connect sinuses to the nasal cavity Lined with mucous membrane to warm and moisten the air Provide resonance to the voice 2.05 Remember the structures of the respiratory system

2.05 Remember the structures of the respiratory system Sinus 2.05 Remember the structures of the respiratory system

Structures of the Upper Respiratory System Pharynx Throat Nasopharynx Oropharynx Laryngopharynx About 5” long 2.05 Remember the structures of the respiratory system

Structures of the Upper Respiratory System Epiglottis A flap or lid that closes over the opening to the larynx when food is swallowed 2.05 Remember the structures of the respiratory system

Structures of the Upper Respiratory System Larynx Voice Box Triangular chamber below pharynx Within the larynx are vocal cords, the glottis Also called the Adam’s Apple 2.05 Remember the structures of the respiratory system

Structures of the Lower Respiratory System Can you identify the trachea? Trachea Windpipe Approximately 4 ½” long The walls are composed of alternate bands of membrane and C-shaped rings of hyaline cartilage. Lined with ciliated mucous membrane 2.05 Remember the structures of the respiratory system

2.05 Remember the structures of the respiratory system Trachea 2.05 Remember the structures of the respiratory system

2.05 Remember the structures of the respiratory system Tumors in Windpipe 2.05 Remember the structures of the respiratory system

Structures of the Lower Respiratory System At the lower end of trachea, the bronchus divide into right and left branches. As they enter the lungs, the bronchus subdivide into bronchial tubes and into bronchioles. At the end of the bronchioles are alveolar ducts and clusters of alveoli. 2.05 Remember the structures of the respiratory system

Structures of the Lower Respiratory System Bronchi Ciliated mucous membrane and hyaline cartilage Bronchial tubes Cartilaginous plates Bronchioles Thinner walls of smooth muscle Lined with ciliated epithelium 2.05 Remember the structures of the respiratory system

Structures of the Lower Respiratory System Alveoli Composed of a single layer of epithelial tissue Contain surfactant …fatty substance that keeps the alveoli from collapsing Each alveolus is surrounded by capillaries 2.05 Remember the structures of the respiratory system

Structures of the Lower Respiratory System The lungs are located in the thoracic cavity Apex Base Fit snugly over diaphragm. Lung tissue is porous and spongy. Right lung Larger and shorter than the left lung Displaced by the liver 3 lobes Left lung Smaller than the right side Displaced by the heart 2 lobes 2.05 Remember the structures of the respiratory system

Structures of the Lower Respiratory System Pleura Thin, moist slippery membrane that covers lungs…serous membrane Double-walled sac Space is pleural cavity – filled with pleural fluid 2.05 Remember the structures of the respiratory system

Structures of the Lower Respiratory System Mediastinum A septum or cavity between two principal portions of an organ. Contains the heart and its large vessels, trachea, esophagus, thymus, lymph nodes, and connective tissue Also called the interpleural space Located between the lungs Contains the thoracic viscera 2.05 Remember the structures of the respiratory system

Structures of the Lower Respiratory System Diaphragm from the muscular system! 2.05 Remember the structures of the respiratory system

2.06 Understand the functions and disorders of the respiratory system Breathing External respiration-is the exchange of O2 (loading) and CO2 (unloading) between blood and alveoli (air sacs). Internal respiration -is gas exchange between blood and tissue cells. Exhalation Inhalation 2.06 Understand the functions and disorders of the respiratory system

2.05 Remember the structures of the respiratory system Inspiration Inhalation/Inspiration The part of respiration that involves air being taken into the lungs. The intercostal muscle lifts ribs outward, sternum rises and the diaphragm contracts and moves downward - this increases the volume of the lungs and air rushes in. 2.05 Remember the structures of the respiratory system

Exhalation/Expiration Opposite action takes place Exhalation is a passive process 2.05 Remember the structures of the respiratory system

2.05 Remember the structures of the respiratory system Breathing Air enters the nostils. It is moistened by mucus, warmed up to body temperature and dust is filtered out of the air, by hairs and trapped by mucus. It passes to the nasopharynx, to the oral pharynx. Next, it passes the glottis, to the trachea, or windpipe. Rings of cartilage support this breathing tube which leads to the right and left bronchi. These branch into each lung and further branch into smaller and smaller tubes. These are known as bronchioles. At the end of each bronchiole, is a cluster of air sacs or alveoli. Gas exchange occurs in the thin-walled alveoli which provide a huge surface area for the diffusion of oxygen from the alveoli into capillaries, so oxygen can be transported by the bloodstream to all the body's cells. Carbon dioxide diffuses from the capillaries surrounding the alveoli, into the alveoli, so it can be excreted when exhalation occurs. 2.05 Remember the structures of the respiratory system

How many times does a normal adult breath per minute? Breathing 1 inspiration + 1 expiration = 1 respiration How many times does a normal adult breath per minute? Normal # of breaths an adult takes each minute-14-20 Increases with exercise, body temperature, certain diseases. Changes with age – newborn = 40-60/min Sleep = respirations ↓ Emotion can ↑ or ↓ respiratory rate

Respiratory Movements Compare respiratory movements. Coughing Hiccups Sneezing Yawning Why do they occur? 2.06 Understand the functions and disorders of the respiratory system

2.06 Understand the functions and disorders of the respiratory system Control of breathing Neural Factors Respiratory center located in MEDULLA OBLONGATA-neural signals from brain to phrenic nerve that controls diaphragm Rate at which signals are discharged influenced by O2 and CO2 2.06 Understand the functions and disorders of the respiratory system

2.06 Understand the functions and disorders of the respiratory system Control of breathing Chemical Factors CO2 and O2 levels in the blood are sensed by the brain (respiratory center in brain) Chemoreceptor in aorta and carotid arteries sensitive to the amount of blood O2 2.06 Understand the functions and disorders of the respiratory system

2.06 Understand the functions and disorders of the respiratory system Types of breathing Apnea Dyspnea Eupnea Hyperpnea Orthopnea Tachypnea Hyperventilation 2.06 Understand the functions and disorders of the respiratory system

Lung capacity and volume Tidal volume: normal volume of air Inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)max volume of air that can be inhaled after normal inspiration Expiratory reserve volume (ERV)additional amt of air that can be expired from lungs by determined effort 2.06 Understand the functions and disorders of the respiratory system

Lung capacity and volume Vital lung capacity: max amount of air a person can expel from lungs after maximum inhalation Residual volume: amount of air that remains in a person’s lungs after fully exhaling Functional residual capacity: volume of air present in lungs at end of passive exhalation 2.06 Understand the functions and disorders of the respiratory system

Lung capacity and volume Total lung capacity Tidal volume Inspiratory reserve Expiratory reserve Residual air Sample 2.06 Understand the functions and disorders of the respiratory system

Respiratory disorders COMMON COLD What is it? What causes it? Hand-washing – best preventative measure How long should you wash your hands? 2.06 Understand the functions and disorders of the respiratory system

COMMON COLD Contagious viral respiratory infection Indirect causes – chilling, fatigue, lack of proper food, and not enough sleep Rx – Rest, drink warm liquids and fruit juice, good nutrition Also called an Upper Respiratory Infection (URI) Hand washing – best preventative measure

2.05 Remember the structures of the respiratory system Common Cold Actually, what is really being affected is the flavor of the food, or the combination of taste and smell. That’s because only the taste, not the food odors, are being detected.  2.05 Remember the structures of the respiratory system

2.05 Remember the structures of the respiratory system Common Cold https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jHmBuNBKke8 2.05 Remember the structures of the respiratory system

LARYNGITIS Inflammation of larynx or voice box Often secondary to other respiratory infections Symptoms – sore throat, hoarseness or loss of voice, dysphasia (difficulty swallowing)…treatment = no talking!

2.05 Remember the structures of the respiratory system Lung Sounds https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=O8OC7EiqBKQ 2.05 Remember the structures of the respiratory system

RESPIRATORY DISORDERS SINUSITIS Infection of mucous membrane that lines sinus cavities Caused by bacteria or virus Symptoms – headache or pressure, thick nasal discharge, loss of voice resonance Rx – symptomatic, surgery for chronic sinusitis

Respiratory disorders Asthma 2.06 Understand the functions and disorders of the respiratory system

ASTHMA Inflammatory airway obstruction Caused by allergen or psychological stress 5% of Americans have asthma Symptoms = difficulty exhaling, dyspnea, wheezing, tightness in chest Rx: anti-inflammatory drugs, inhaled bronchodilator

2.05 Remember the structures of the respiratory system Asthma https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EK8nzKzdnIM 2.05 Remember the structures of the respiratory system

BRONCHITIS Inflammation of the mucous membrane of the trachea and bronchial tubes, producing excessive mucous May be acute or chronic Acute bronchitis characterized by cough, fever, substernal pain and RALES (raspy sound) Chronic bronchitis – middle or old age, cigarette smoking most common cause

Respiratory disorders Bronchitis 2.06 Understand the functions and disorders of the respiratory system

RESPIRATORY DISORDERS CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE (COPD) – Describes chronic lung conditions, especially emphysema and chronic bronchitis Rx – alleviate the symptoms, decrease exposure to respiratory irritants, prevent infections, restructure activities to prevent need for O2

2.05 Remember the structures of the respiratory system COPD https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OwAUGABGrqk 2.05 Remember the structures of the respiratory system

EMPHYSEMA Alveoli becomes over dilated, lose their elasticity. May eventually rupture Air becomes trapped, can’t exhale – forced exhalation required Reduced exchange of O2 and CO2 Dyspnea increases as disease progresses

INFLUENZA (Flu) Viral infection (VIRUS) causing inflammation of the mucous membrane of lungs Fever, mucopurulent discharge, muscular pain, extreme exhaustion Complications – pneumonia, otitis media and pleuresy Rx – treat the symptoms

PNEUMONIA Infection of the lung Caused by bacteria or virus. Alveoli fill with exudates (thick fluid) Symptoms – chest pain, fever, chills dyspnea Rx – O2 and antibiotics

Respiratory disorders What can cause a pneumothorax? Pneumothorax – collapsed lung due to air entering the pleural cavity

2.05 Remember the structures of the respiratory system Pneumothorax https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7_X9PDctWh8 2.05 Remember the structures of the respiratory system

TUBERCULOSIS Illegal immigration, homelessness and AIDS has caused an increase in US. Tubercles (lesions) form in the lungs Symptoms: cough, low grade fever in the afternoon, weight loss, night sweats Diagnosis – TB skin test (injected with tuberculin) If skin test positive – follow up with chest x-ray and sputum sample Rx – antibiotic

2.05 Remember the structures of the respiratory system TUBERCULOSIS Tuberculosis (TB) is caused by a type of bacterium called Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The condition is spread when a person with an active TB infection in their lungs coughs or sneezes and someone else inhales the expelled droplets, which contain TB bacteria 2.05 Remember the structures of the respiratory system

Relevance of nutrients to the respiratory system Did you know??? The respiratory system plays a vital role in homeostasis Vitamin D- prevents respiratory disease in newborns Folate- prevents respiratory infections Vitamin E- prevents common colds 2.06 Understand the functions and disorders of the respiratory system