“There are lies, there are damned lies, and there are “

What are “statistics?” it up! Let’s brainstorm…

What are some ways to display statistics? 1. Pie Charts

What are some ways to display statistics? 1. Pie Charts

What are some ways to display statistics? 1. Pie Charts

What are some ways to display statistics? 1. Pie Charts

What are some ways to display statistics? 1. Pie Charts

What are some ways to display statistics? 1. Pie Charts

When making pie charts: What are some ways to display statistics? 1. Pie Charts When making pie charts: DON’T! Use 3 – D Pie Charts! Use those “Breakout” slices! DO! Make sure your categories are meaningful! Make sure your categories are mutually exclusive! Make sure your graph speaks for itself (clear fonts and sizes, crisp colors, good title and legend)

2. Bar Graphs (AKA, “Bar Charts”) What are some ways to display statistics? 2. Bar Graphs (AKA, “Bar Charts”)

2. Bar Graphs (AKA, “Bar Charts”) What are some ways to display statistics? 2. Bar Graphs (AKA, “Bar Charts”) Source: http://www.indexmundi.com/g/r.aspx?v=91

2. Bar Graphs (AKA, “Bar Charts”) What are some ways to display statistics? 2. Bar Graphs (AKA, “Bar Charts”)

2. Bar Graphs (AKA, “Bar Charts”) What are some ways to display statistics? 2. Bar Graphs (AKA, “Bar Charts”)

2. Bar Graphs (AKA, “Bar Charts”) When making bar graphs: What are some ways to display statistics? 2. Bar Graphs (AKA, “Bar Charts”) When making bar graphs: DO! Make sure your categories are meaningful! Make sure your categories are mutually exclusive! Make sure your graph speaks for itself (clear fonts and sizes, crisp colors, good title, axes labeled if necessary)! (meh) Make the bars touch! DON’T! LET YOUR Y – AXIS START AT SOMETHING OTHER THAN ZERO!!! (why? Let’s take a look!)

Anything wrong with this graph?

Always start this axis at zero!!!

3. Line Graphs (often Time - Series) What are some ways to display statistics? 3. Line Graphs (often Time - Series) https://www.cocc.edu/departments/institutional-effectiveness/enrollment-reports/historical-enrollment.aspx

3. Line Graphs (often Time - Series) When making line graphs: What are some ways to display statistics? 3. Line Graphs (often Time - Series) When making line graphs: DO! Make sure your categories are meaningful! Make sure your categories are mutually exclusive! Make sure your graph speaks for itself (clear fonts and sizes, crisp colors, good title, axes labeled if necessary)! DON’T! LET YOUR Y – AXIS START AT SOMETHING OTHER THAN ZERO!!! (why?) Ignore the Margin Of ERROR!!! Huh?

Please find this report online!!!

Any issues with the data? If you’re interested: http://stateofobesity.org/adult-obesity/

Let’s check the rest of those MOE’s…

Now let’s USE those MOEs…

Let’s do an in – class quiz! Margins of Error (MOEs) must be added (and subtracted) to/from any sample statistic to help alleviate sampling error. Let’s do an in – class quiz!

Inferential statistics makes predictions, based on a random sample taken from a population.

Inferential statistics makes predictions, based on a random sample taken from a population. To approximate a parameter (a measure of a population) we measure a statistic (the related characteristic of a sample) with its corresponding margin of error.

http://www. columbia. edu/~jeh1/mailings/2015/20150116_Temperature2014 http://www.columbia.edu/~jeh1/mailings/2015/20150116_Temperature2014.pdf http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2915061/Nasa-climate-scientists-said-2014-warmest-year-record-38-sure-right.html

to mislead with statistics… What are some ways to mislead with statistics… without graphs? Cherry Picking Data https://www.skepticalscience.com/global-warming-cold-weather-basic.htm

to mislead with statistics… What are some ways to mislead with statistics… without graphs? Cherry Picking Data 2. Using Data Incorrectly http://web.archive.org/web/20010415085348/http://mikepence.com/smoke.html

to mislead with statistics… What are some ways to mislead with statistics… without graphs? Cherry Picking Data 2. Using Data Incorrectly 3. Using counts when you should use % CBS reports that an appalling number of food poisonings…733…happened in US school cafeterias in 2005.

become ill with food poisoning in any given year. How horrid! But... According to the CDC, there are 76 million food poisonings per year in the US. Assuming 300 million Americans eating, on average, 3 meals per day, the rate of food poisoning in America is about Or, roughly 1 in 5000 people (of all ages) will become ill with food poisoning in any given year.

According to the US Census Bureau, there were approximately 75,800,000 children in school in 2005. Thus, the rate of food poisoning in school cafeterias was Or, roughly 1 out of every 20,000,000 kids at school should expect to get food poisoning.

to mislead with statistics… What are some ways to mislead with statistics… without graphs? Cherry Picking Data 2. Using Data Incorrectly 3. Using counts when you should use % 4. Using % when you should use counts

to mislead with statistics… What are some ways to mislead with statistics… without graphs? but…

to mislead with statistics… What are some ways to mislead with statistics… without graphs? 4. Using % when you should use counts

to mislead with statistics… Changing the Definition What are some ways to mislead with statistics… without graphs? Cherry Picking Data 2. Using Data Incorrectly 3. Using counts when you should use % 4. Using % when you should use counts 5. Changing a Statistic by Changing the Definition

to mislead with statistics… What are some ways to mislead with statistics… without graphs?