Carbon Chapter 3 Page 56 - 65

Carbon Organic Chemistry – chemicals that contain C and H. All molecules made by life are organic. Chemistry of Carbon – considered the most versatile atom due to the following properties: 1. 6 electrons with 4 valence electrons

Carbon 2. Branching because of the sharing of electrons at four sites.

Carbon 3. Partners most often with O, H and N. 4. Bonding can take the form of chains, branched chains, rings, double or triple bonds.

Carbon Double or Triple bonds. Fig 4.3 p. 59

Carbon 5. Monomers – small units of organic molecules

Carbon 6. Polymers – several to many monomers combined.

Carbon 7. Macromolecules – highly complex polymers.

Carbon 8. Isomers – same formula – different structure. Fig 4.7a, p.61 Ex 18 isomers of C8H18

Carbon 9. Enantomers – isomers that are mirror images of one another  left and right. Fig 4.7c, p.61 One is usually biologically active. Ex Thalidomide – one is a sedative the other form causes birth defects.

Carbon Functional Groups – important groups that attach to a carbon base. There are seven that are vital to organic chemistry. Fig. 4.9, p. 63

Carbon Group: Hydroxyl Example: Alcohols Property: Polar Location: Sugars

Carbon Group: Carbonyl Example: Ketones, Aldehydes Property: Middle of Molecule, End of Polar Molecules Location: Sugars

Carbon Group: Carboxyl Example: COOH Property: Organic Acids, Polar Location: Nucleic Acids, Amino Acids

Carbon Group: Amino Example: Amines Property: Basic and Polar Location: Amino Acids and Proteins

Carbon Group: Sulfhydryl Example: Thiols Property: Stabilize Proteins Location: Some Amino Acids

Carbon Group: Phosphate Property: Acids and Polar Molecules Location: DNA and ATP

Carbon Group: Methyl Property: Nonpolar Location: Sugars, Amino Acids