Morgan Kaufmann Publishers November 17, 2018 Lecture 1.1 Computer Classification, Components, & Trends Chapter 1 — Computer Abstractions and Technology

Objectives Introduce different types of computers Explain 5 constituent components of a typical computer Underline the trends of computers Chapter 1 — Computer Abstractions and Technology — 2

Coverage Textbook Chapters 1.1, 1.4, 1.7, 1.8 Online resources Chapter 1 — Computer Abstractions and Technology — 3

Contents Computer classification Components of a computer Development trends of computers Conclusions Chapter 1 — Computer Abstractions and Technology — 4

Contents Computer classification Components of a computer Development trends of computers Conclusions Chapter 1 — Computer Abstractions and Technology — 5

Computers are pervasive Computers in automobiles Smart phones Internet Search Engines Appliances Microwave oven Refrigerator … Chapter 1 — Computer Abstractions and Technology — 6

Your car has many computers 50~100 computers inside each car Chapter 1 — Computer Abstractions and Technology — 7

Smart phones are all computers 2.5 billion smart phone users in 2018 Chapter 1 — Computer Abstractions and Technology — 8

Morgan Kaufmann Publishers November 17, 2018 The PostPC Era Chapter 1 — Computer Abstractions and Technology — 9 Chapter 1 — Computer Abstractions and Technology

Internet is a network of computers Google’s huge data centers for searching Chapter 1 — Computer Abstractions and Technology — 10

#1 supercomputer as of June 2018 Summit at Oak Ridge National Laboratory > 2,282,544 cores > 8.806 MW 11

Many computers are hidden 12

Morgan Kaufmann Publishers November 17, 2018 Classes of Computers Desktop computers General purpose, variety of software Server computers High capacity, performance, reliability Range from small servers to building sized Embedded computers Hidden as components of systems Stringent power/performance/cost constraints Personal Mobile Devices Clusters/warehouse scale computers Supercomputers Chapter 1 — Computer Abstractions and Technology — 13 Chapter 1 — Computer Abstractions and Technology

Contents Computer classification Components of a computer Development trends of computers Conclusions Chapter 1 — Computer Abstractions and Technology — 14

Components of a Computer Morgan Kaufmann Publishers November 17, 2018 Components of a Computer §1.4 Under the Covers All computers are to process data Same components for all kinds of computer (e.g., desktop, server, embedded) Input Output Memory Control Datapath The BIG Picture Chapter 1 — Computer Abstractions and Technology — 15 Chapter 1 — Computer Abstractions and Technology

Morgan Kaufmann Publishers November 17, 2018 Anatomy of a Computer Output device Network cable Anatomy \ə-ˈna-tə-mē\ Input device Input device Chapter 1 — Computer Abstractions and Technology — 16 Chapter 1 — Computer Abstractions and Technology

Typical Input/Output User-interface devices Storage devices Display, keyboard, mouse, touchscreen Storage devices Hard disk, CD/DVD, flash drive, SSD Network adapters For communicating with other computers Chapter 1 — Computer Abstractions and Technology — 17

Morgan Kaufmann Publishers November 17, 2018 Networks Communication and resource sharing Local area network (LAN): Ethernet Within a building Wide area network (WAN): the Internet Wireless network: WiFi, Bluetooth Chapter 1 — Computer Abstractions and Technology — 18 Chapter 1 — Computer Abstractions and Technology

Morgan Kaufmann Publishers November 17, 2018 Opening the Box Chapter 1 — Computer Abstractions and Technology — 19 Chapter 1 — Computer Abstractions and Technology

Morgan Kaufmann Publishers November 17, 2018 Place for Data Volatile main memory Loses instructions and data when power off Non-volatile secondary memory Magnetic disk (hard disk drive) Solid-state drive (flash memory) Optical disk (CDROM, DVD) Chapter 1 — Computer Abstractions and Technology — 20 Chapter 1 — Computer Abstractions and Technology

The Processor Chapter 1 — Computer Abstractions and Technology — 21

Inside the Processor (CPU) Morgan Kaufmann Publishers November 17, 2018 Inside the Processor (CPU) Datapath: performs operations on data A collection of functional units that perform data processing operations Control: sequences datapath Different data items go through different components Cache memory Small fast SRAM memory for immediate access to data Chapter 1 — Computer Abstractions and Technology — 22 Chapter 1 — Computer Abstractions and Technology

Morgan Kaufmann Publishers November 17, 2018 Inside the Processor AMD Barcelona: 4 processing cores Chapter 1 — Computer Abstractions and Technology — 23 Chapter 1 — Computer Abstractions and Technology

Datapath: assembly line Morgan Kaufmann Publishers November 17, 2018 Datapath: assembly line Example of pipeline Chapter 1 — Computer Abstractions and Technology — 24 Chapter 1 — Computer Abstractions and Technology

Datapath in processor Chapter 1 — Computer Abstractions and Technology — 25

Memory hierarchy Pyramid Chapter 1 — Computer Abstractions and Technology — 26

iPhone-external Front Back Side Chapter 1 — Computer Abstractions and Technology — 27

iPhone-external Bottom Chapter 1 — Computer Abstractions and Technology — 28

iPhone-internal Memory module is under the processor using “package-on-package” Chapter 1 — Computer Abstractions and Technology — 29

iPhone-internal Chapter 1 — Computer Abstractions and Technology — 30

Contents Computer classification Components of a computer Development trends of computers Conclusions Chapter 1 — Computer Abstractions and Technology — 31

The Computer Revolution Morgan Kaufmann Publishers November 17, 2018 The Computer Revolution §1.1 Introduction Progress in computer technology Underpinned by Moore’s Law The number of transistors on integrated circuits doubles approximately every two years Chapter 1 — Computer Abstractions and Technology — 32 Chapter 1 — Computer Abstractions and Technology

Moore’s Law Chapter 1 — Computer Abstractions and Technology — 33

Morgan Kaufmann Publishers November 17, 2018 Technology Trends Electronics technology continues to evolve Increased capacity and performance Reduced cost DRAM capacity Year Technology Relative performance/cost 1951 Vacuum tube 1 1965 Transistor 35 1975 Integrated circuit (IC) 900 1995 Very large scale IC (VLSI) 2,400,000 2013 Ultra large scale IC 250,000,000,000 Chapter 1 — Computer Abstractions and Technology — 34 Chapter 1 — Computer Abstractions and Technology

Power Trends In CMOS IC technology ×30 5V → 1V ×1000 Chapter 1 — Computer Abstractions and Technology — 35

Morgan Kaufmann Publishers November 17, 2018 Power Wall We can’t increase the frequency further due to power wall The Power Wall We can’t reduce voltage further Transistor becomes too leaky We can’t remove more heat easily Chips start melting How else can we improve performance? Chapter 1 — Computer Abstractions and Technology — 36 Chapter 1 — Computer Abstractions and Technology

Uniprocessor Performance Morgan Kaufmann Publishers November 17, 2018 Uniprocessor Performance §1.8 The Sea Change: The Switch to Multiprocessors Constrained by power, instruction-level parallelism, memory latency Chapter 1 — Computer Abstractions and Technology — 37 Chapter 1 — Computer Abstractions and Technology

Morgan Kaufmann Publishers November 17, 2018 Multiprocessors Multicore microprocessors More than one processor per chip Requires explicitly parallel programming Compare with instruction level parallelism Hardware executes multiple instructions at once Hidden from the programmer Hard to do Programming for performance Load balancing Optimizing communication and synchronization Chapter 1 — Computer Abstractions and Technology — 38 Chapter 1 — Computer Abstractions and Technology

Contents Computer classification Components of a computer Development trends of computers Conclusions Chapter 1 — Computer Abstractions and Technology — 39

Morgan Kaufmann Publishers November 17, 2018 Concluding Remarks Computers are pervasive and can be classified All computers have 5 different components We are witnessing a sea change from uniprocessors to multi/many-processors Chapter 1 — Computer Abstractions and Technology — 40 Chapter 1 — Computer Abstractions and Technology