Patterns of Evolution

Coevolution Two or more species that interact may evolve together. Examples: Predator-prey Parasites and hosts Plants and their pollinators

Convergent Evolution Organisms that appear to be very similar, are not closely related at all. The environment selects for the phenotype Examples: Sharks and Dolphins Analogous structures are associated with convergent evolution

Divergent Evolution When closely related species become more dissimilar usually because of different habitats Adaptive radiation: related species evolve from a single ancestral species

Things that effect evolution change in climate/habitat: a trait that was an advantage may no longer be an advantage genetic drift: change in allele frequency by chance events greater impact on small populations migration: species can be seperated or exposed to new environments

geographic isolation: a species can be seperated geographically (canyon, different islands, etc.) mutations: new variations can arise by random chance reproductive isolation: something prevents organisms from sucessfully breeding examples: different mating seasons, different mating calls

Classification Taxonomy: the branch of biology that names and groups organism according to their characteristics and evolutionary history. Aristotle was the first to use this method but was replaced due to confusion

Carolus Linnaeus (1707-1778) Swedish Naturalist Devised a system of grouping organisms into categories based upon form and structure Created seven different levels of organization

7 Levels of Classification Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species Kindly Pass Connie Over Fresh Green Salad

Binomial Nomenclature Two Name Naming System

Binomial Nomenclature System that gives organisms two-part scientific name Genus species Genus is capitalized and both are in italics Examples: Homo sapiens Lynx rufus

3 Domain System Recently, scientists have added a group above Kingdom.  Three groups, called DOMAINS. Domain Eukarya - includes organisms composed of eukaryotic cells (plants, animals, fungi, protists) Domain Bacteria - includes all prokaryotic cells, Kingdom Eubacteria Domain Archaea - includes only "ancient" bacteria, Archaebacteria

Tree of life Phylogenetic Tree: showing evolutionary relationships among various species based upon similarities and differences in their physical and/or genetic characteristics.

Phylogenetic Trees Use a combination of: Shared anatomical structures Pattern of embryological development Types of proteins DNA sequencing

Closely Related Node Derived Character: Characteristics that appear more recently in a group but are not seen in older organisms

1. ______ Wings 2. ______ 6 Legs 3. ______ Segmented Body 4 1. ______ Wings 2. ______ 6 Legs 3. ______ Segmented Body 4. ______ Double set of wings 5. ______ Jumping Legs 6. ______ Crushing mouthparts 7. ______ Legs 8. ______ Curly Antennae

Dichotomous Keys A step-by-step guide to help identify an organism Follows a series of choices that lead you to the organism’s name

Dichotomous Keys 1. Has green colored body ......go to 2 Has purple colored body ..... go to 4 2. Has 4 legs .....go to 3 Has 8 legs .......... Deerus octagis 3. Has a tail ........ Deerus pestis Does not have a tail ..... Deerus magnus 4. Has a pointy hump ...... Deerus humpis Does not have a pointy hump.....go to 5 5. Has ears .........Deerus purplinis   Does not have ears ......Deerus deafus

answers A. Deerus magnus B. Deerus pestis C. Deerus octagis D. Deerus purplinis E. Deerus deafus F. Deerus humpis