REPTILES AND BIRDS MRS. BENDER CHAPTER 29
Characteristics of reptiles Well developed legs Shelled eggs Scaly skin Ectotherm Efficient circulatory and respiratory systems Characteristics of reptiles
Amniotic eggs Amnion is a membrane that surrounds a developing embryo Fluid filled protects the embryo Amniotic egg Covered protective shell Fluid full of nutrients and mimics the aquatic life Allantois is a membrane that forms a sac which contains the waste products Chorion is the outer most membrane allowing oxygen to enter and keep the fluid inside Shells are leathery Amniotic eggs
Outer covering Dry Scaly Protects from drying out Needs to be shed for growth Outer covering
Respiration and circulation Depend on lungs (except aquatic turtles) Breathe by squeezing throat forcing air into lungs Two atrium, 1 ventricle partially divided Closed system Respiration and circulation
Feeding and digestion Most are carnivores Iquanas and tortoises are herbivores Turtles and crocs use tongue to help swallow Lizards have sticky tongue Snakes venom or constriction then ingest Loosely connected jaws Feeding and digestion
excretion Kidneys which filter blood to remove wastes Urine enters the cloaca, water is reabsorbed to form uric acid Enables the body to conserve water and maintain homeostasis of water and minerals. excretion
Like amphibians, except cerebrum is larger, because vision and muscle function more complex Vision stronger than hearing in most Snakes detect vibration in jaw bone Smell highly evolved, Jacobson organ, sac like structures which sense odor in mouth Brain and senses
Temperature control and movement Ectotherms Legs are located under body, bear more weight and move faster Heavier and stronger bones than amphibians Have claws on their toes, for digging, climbing, and gripping Temperature control and movement
reproduction Internal fertilization- egg fertilized inside female body Embryo surrounded by yolk, nourishes the embryo and a leathery shell to protect and prevent liquids from leaving reproduction
Order squamata Lizards Legs with claws Movable eyelids Flexible jaws Tympanic membrane Snakes Legless Lack movable eyes and tympanic membrane Jointed jaws Order squamata
Order testudinata Turtles and tortoises Encased in a protective shell Plastron is the ventral part of the shell Carapace is the dorsal part of the shell Vertebrate and ribs are fused to the inside of the carpace Do not have teeth, sharp beaks Order testudinata
Order crocodilia Four chambered heart, ventricle divided completely More quicker and aggressively, more powerful alligators Broader snout Upper jaw is wider than lower, teeth do not show Crocodiles Long snout, sharp teeth, powerful jaws Upper and lower jaw the same so teeth show Order crocodilia
Order sphenodonta Tuataras Look like large lizards Spiny crest down bck Third eye on top of head, covered with scales but can sense sunlight Two rows of teeth on the upper jaw Two living species off the coast of New Zealand Order sphenodonta
Characteristics of birds Endotherms- generate body heat internally through metabolism Higher body temperature allows for more ATP production for flight Feathers Specialized outgrowths of the skin Made of keratin Functions: flight and keep heat from escaping Preening spread oil from preen gland located near tail to add a weather proofing coat Contour feathers: flight Barbs are held together by barbules Down feathers Located beneath contour no barbs so make good insulators Characteristics of birds
Skeleton of birds Light weight bones Very strong Hollow, contains a cavity of air Large breast muscles which attach to the keel of the sternum Skeleton of birds
respiration More space in the lungs One way air circulation Inhales, oxygenated blood moves to posterior air sacs, gas exchange, then into the anterior air sac Exhales deoxygenated air is expelled and oxygenated from posterior is sent to the lungs Only oxygenated blood is moved through the lungs respiration
Four chamber heart lung…left atrium…..left ventricle….. To body……to right atrium….right ventricle…..lungs circulation
Require large amounts of food to maintain high metabolic rate Shape of beak determine food eaten Crop is a storage area for food Gizzard contains small pebbles for grinding food Feeding and digestion
Kidneys Have a cloaca to reabsorb water Do not have a bladder to hold urine excretion
Cerebellum-coordinate movement and balance during flight Cerebrum-controls eating, singing, flying, instinctive behavior’ Medulla oblongata-controls automatic functions such as respiration and heartbeat Excellent vision Brain and senses
Establishing territories Locating mates Courtship behavior Constructing nests Incubating nest reproduction