A review of improved fixation methods for dental implants A review of improved fixation methods for dental implants. Part I: Surface optimization for rapid osseointegration  Yo Shibata, DDS, PhD, Yasuhiro Tanimoto, PhD  Journal of Prosthodontic Research  Volume 59, Issue 1, Pages 20-33 (January 2015) DOI: 10.1016/j.jpor.2014.11.007 Copyright © 2014 Japan Prosthodontic Society Terms and Conditions

Fig. 1 General concepts of titanium implant modification. Journal of Prosthodontic Research 2015 59, 20-33DOI: (10.1016/j.jpor.2014.11.007) Copyright © 2014 Japan Prosthodontic Society Terms and Conditions

Fig. 2 A diagram for contact angle as measured by sessile drop technique. Journal of Prosthodontic Research 2015 59, 20-33DOI: (10.1016/j.jpor.2014.11.007) Copyright © 2014 Japan Prosthodontic Society Terms and Conditions

Fig. 3 SEM micrographs of blasted surface (A), TPS (B), SLA surface (C) and W-EDM surface (D). The figures (A), (B), and (C) were reproduced from [7] with permission (license number: 3453531072766). Journal of Prosthodontic Research 2015 59, 20-33DOI: (10.1016/j.jpor.2014.11.007) Copyright © 2014 Japan Prosthodontic Society Terms and Conditions

Fig. 4 High resolution XPS spectra of C1s on titanium surface. The major peak fit at 285.0eV represented the CH component on the samples. Three other peaks in the curve fit of the C1s spectra are shown. Peak 1 was set at 286.5eV for the CN bond, peak 2 at 288.0eV for CO and peak 3 at 290.5eV for OCO. Journal of Prosthodontic Research 2015 59, 20-33DOI: (10.1016/j.jpor.2014.11.007) Copyright © 2014 Japan Prosthodontic Society Terms and Conditions

Fig. 5 High resolution XPS spectra of O1s on titanium surfaces. The binding energy values corresponding to O2–, OH, OH− and H2O peaks were 530.3, 531.4, 532.2 and 533.2eV, respectively (A and B). The main O2− species at 530.3eV originated from the TiO2 superficial oxide film (A). Journal of Prosthodontic Research 2015 59, 20-33DOI: (10.1016/j.jpor.2014.11.007) Copyright © 2014 Japan Prosthodontic Society Terms and Conditions

Fig. 6 XRD spectra of (A) titanium, (B) thermally oxidized titanium, (C) anodically oxidized titanium in a solution of Na2HPO4 and (D) NaCl. Pure rutile and anatase TiO2 particles were used for the standard reference materials. Crystal phases of the samples before the tests were detected by TF-XRD with CuKα radiation. XRD was performed at 40kV and 40mA with a scanning speed of 0.02°/4s and a scanning range of 20–60°. A peak attributable to titanium tetrachloride (dot-line) and an anatase TiO2 crystal phase (arrow) were detected. The increasing TiO (asterisk) and anatase TiO2 revealed a developing thickness of the titanium oxide film on the anodically oxidized titanium samples. Journal of Prosthodontic Research 2015 59, 20-33DOI: (10.1016/j.jpor.2014.11.007) Copyright © 2014 Japan Prosthodontic Society Terms and Conditions

Fig. 7 A representative AFM image of acid etched titanium surface. Journal of Prosthodontic Research 2015 59, 20-33DOI: (10.1016/j.jpor.2014.11.007) Copyright © 2014 Japan Prosthodontic Society Terms and Conditions

Fig. 8 Micro-CT images of titanium implant in rabbit femur. Journal of Prosthodontic Research 2015 59, 20-33DOI: (10.1016/j.jpor.2014.11.007) Copyright © 2014 Japan Prosthodontic Society Terms and Conditions

Fig. 9 Live/dead staining on antibacterial titanium surface. The most adherent S. mutans were nonviable (red) even though the viable MC3T3-E1 (green) existed on the surface in the co-culture. Journal of Prosthodontic Research 2015 59, 20-33DOI: (10.1016/j.jpor.2014.11.007) Copyright © 2014 Japan Prosthodontic Society Terms and Conditions