Class Aves evolved from either a dinosaurian or other reptilian group at least 150 mya forelimbs modified for flight scaled legs epidermal feathers “constant.

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Presentation transcript:

Class Aves evolved from either a dinosaurian or other reptilian group at least 150 mya forelimbs modified for flight scaled legs epidermal feathers “constant flow” respiratory system with parabronchi and air sacs no bladder (semisolid urine of uric acid) internal fertilization offspring precocial or altricial

Origin and Relationships Archaeopteryx

Origin and Relationships Superorder Paleognathae flat sternum weak pectoral muscles Superorder Neognathae keeled sternum powerful flight muscles

Flight

The Evolution of Flight a.k.a. Two Wings and a Prayer How did flight evolve? 1. Ground Up Scenario: From a bipedal cursorial (running) ancestor 2. Trees Down Scenario: From an arboreal ancestor if that ancestor was a glider, then it must have co- opted its gliding structures into wings if the ancestor was not a glider, then its wings must have developed from another function of the arms. Why did flight evolve? (1) To help escaping predators (2) To help catching flying or speedy prey (3) To help moving from place to place (leaping or gliding) (4) To free the hindlegs for use as weapons. (5) To gain access to new food sources or an unoccupied niche

Mechanics of Flight The four forces

Source of Power Flight Muscles

Source of Lift Wing Shape negative pressure  lift

Adaptations for Flight Feathers

Adaptations for Flight Light weight skeleton fused vertebrae large open areas bones with air cavities (pneumatized)

Pneumatized Bone human eagle

Perching Muscles & Tendons Muscular System Perching Muscles & Tendons

Digestive System Crop Liver Proventriculus Gizzard Intestine Kidney Cloaca Liver

Circulatory System 2 chamber 3 chamber 4 chamber

4-chamber Heart Circulatory System

Cross-current Exchange Respiratory System Cross-current Exchange

Respiratory System

Excretory System Uric Acid Salt Glands

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