CHAPTER 10 Congress  Bicameral  Off-year Election  Congress    Term  Gerrymander  House of Representatives  Session  Incumbent  Senate  Apportion  Continuous body  Reapportion  Constituency  What role does the U.S. Census play in impacting Congress? How are states represented in Congress? What are the leadership positions in Congress and how are these leaders elected?

CHAPTER 10 Congress Bicameral: A legislative body composed of 2 chambers. Term: 2 year period of time during which congress meets. Session: Period of time during which, each year, congress assembles and conducts business. Apportion: Distribute as in seats in a legislative body.

CHAPTER 10 Congress Reapportion: Redistribute, as in seats in a legislative body. Off-Year Election: Congressional election that occurs between Presidential election years. Gerrymander: The drawing of electoral district lines to the advantage of a party or group.

CHAPTER 10 Congress Incumbent: A current office holder. Continuous body: Governing unit (e.g. the U.S. Senate) whose seats are never all up for election at the same time. Constituency: The people and interest that an elected official represents. Congress: The Nations law making body, the legislative branch of the National Government.

CHAPTER 10 Congress House of Representatives: Representation based on population. 435 members total. Senate: Equal representation among the states. 2 per state = 100

CHAPTER 11 Powers of Congress  Expressed Powers  Eminent Domain  Impeach   Implied Powers  War Powers Resolution Inherent Powers  Naturalization Necessary & Proper Clause What is the difference between a strict constructionist and a liberal constructionist? In what ways does the Legislative Brach “check” the other two branches of government?

CHAPTER 11 Powers of Congress Expressed Powers: Those delegated powers of the national government that are spelled out, expressly, in the constitution; also called the “enumerated powers”. Implied Powers: Those delegated powers of the national government that are suggested by the expressed powers set out in the constitution; those “necessary and proper” to carry out the expressed powers.

CHAPTER 11 Powers of Congress Inherent powers: Powers the constitution is presumed to have delegated to the national government because it is the government of a sovereign state within the world community. Eminent Domain: Power of a government to take private property for public use.

CHAPTER 11 Powers of Congress War Powers of Resolution: Meant to limit the President’s war making powers. Enacted in 1973. Naturalization: Process by which immigrants can become citizens. Necessary and Proper Clause: Constitutional clause that gives congress the power to make all laws “necessary and proper” for executing its powers. Basis for implied powers.

CHAPTER 11 Powers of Congress Impeach: To bring formal charges against a public official.

CHAPTER 12 Congress in Action  Seniority Rule  Joint Committee  Filibuster    Standing Committee  Conference Committee  Bill  Committee Chairmen  What must happen before a bill may be presented to the President for approval? What options does the President have once presented with a bill from Congress?

CHAPTER 12 Congress in Action Seniority Rule: Unwritten rule for members of congress with the longest service to serve the top posts in each chamber. Standing Committee: Permanent committee in a legislative body to which bills of a specified subject matter are referred.

CHAPTER 12 Congress In Action Joint Committee: Legislative committee composed of members of both houses. Conference Committee: Temporary joint committee created to reconcile any differences between the two houses versions of a bill. Committee Chairman: Member who heads a standing committee in a legislative body.

CHAPTER 12 Congress in Action Bill: A proposed law presented to a legislative body for consideration. Filibuster: Various tactics aimed at defeating a bill in a legislative body by preventing a final vote. Only in the U.S. Senate.