Topic 2 Atomic Structure

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Presentation transcript:

Topic 2 Atomic Structure Electronic Configuration s, p, d, f orbitals

“s” orbitals An “s” orbital is spherical in shape and the size of the sphere depends on the energy level it is found in. ie. The 2s orbital would be smaller in size than the 4s orbital when filled with electrons. An “s” orbital can hold 2 electrons only

Visual representation of an “s” orbital

p orbitals A “p” orbital is dumbell shaped. Due to the shape of this orbital there is a dimensional component which must be considered. Each “p” orbital is divided into 3 sub shells which can each hold 2 electrons for a total of 6 in a single “p” orbital

Visual representation of a “p” orbital

d orbitals Starting at scandium (atomic #22) there are so many electrons to keep in order around a nucleus that a “d” orbital is observed to maintain order. **Note** The first “d” orbital does not take place until you reach period 4. However it is assigned as the 3d orbital. Don’t forget!!! d orbitals can hold a total of 10 electrons.

Visual representation of a “d” orbital

Overlay of d orbitals

f orbitals (not needed in IB-11) Once you reach cerium (atomic #58) there are too many electrons to store in s, p, and d orbitals. At this point an “f” orbital is observed to maintain order. **Note** The first “f” orbital is not observed until you reach period 6. However it is assigned as a 4f orbital. Each “f” orbital can hold 14 electrons.

Visual representation of “f” orbitals

Overview s,p,d,f orbitals

Filling order

It follows the periodic table!

You might find this useful “n” would represent the period number

Some examples of what it looks like

IB-11 must go up to “Kr” #36 This view of electron arrangement is a more advanced model offering a more realistic view of what has been observed experimentally in chemistry to date.

Exceptions to the rule There are two exceptions IB students need to be aware of Chromium and Copper Both promote an electron from the 4s to the 3d orbital. This is due to half and full orbitals being especially stable configurations!