Europe Leads the Way: The Industrial Revolution Why did the Industrial Revolution begin in Europe, and how did it change the way Europeans lived?

I. A Revolution in Agriculture: Main goal of traditional peasant society was stable food supply Resistance to changes that might endanger food supply Vulnerability to poor harvests, fluctuations in price of grain (bread) Slow rise in grain prices through 18th c. triggers series of innovations in farm production: Agricultural Revolution Peasants often resisted and were brutally repressed

I. A Revolution in Agriculture: Dutch, 16th & 17th c.: found better ways to drain land; experimented with new crops (clover, turnips) used for animal fodder and soil restoration English, 18th c.: biggest popularizers of earlier innovations -Jethro Tull (1674–1741)—agricultural experimenter; invented seed drill

I. A Revolution in Agriculture: English, 18th c.: biggest popularizers of earlier innovations -Charles “Turnip” Townsend (1674–1738)—instituted 4 Field crop rotation -Robert Bakewell (1725–1795)— improved methods of animal breeding

I. A Revolution in Agriculture: Enclosure: replaced open-field or village method; created large tracts of farmland out of small plots, common land, and waste areas; put land into more productive use but caused turmoil for peasant farmers; commercialization of agriculture Improvements more limited in the East

II. Better Health=More Population Approximate population of non-Ottoman Europe: 1000: 1700: 100–200 million 1800: 190 million 1850: 260 million Put pressure on food prices, driving agricultural innovation and spurring the Industrial Revolution This curve would continue into modernity

III. 18th Century Industrial Revolution: 2nd half of 1800s: beginning of industrialization Introduced virtually uninterrupted economic growth Made possible the greatest production of goods and services in history Eventually did away with rampant poverty

Entrepreneurship and Venture Capitalism:

IV. Growth of Consumerism: Growth of Middle Class Factors: -Growth in disposable income (causes uncertain) -New methods of entrepreneurial marketing -Development of fashion industry Consumer economy became permanent feature of European economy, despite conflicts with Christian ethics (materialism)

IV. Growth of Consumerism: Growth of Middle Class Production of new goods driven by increases in demand (learning to want things) -Clothing, buttons, toys, china, furniture, rugs, candlesticks, brass/ silver/ pewter/ glassware, watches, jewelry, soap, beer, wine, foods

Amazon: The Temple of Consumerism!!! To Buy 1 of each item on Amazon: $12.86 Billion (April 16, 2016)

V. Industrialism in Britain: GB: industrial leader of Europe through mid- 19th century Factors: -London: largest city in Europe, center of fashion -Prominence of newspapers (advertising) -Largest free-trade area in Europe -Rich in coal & iron ore -Stable political structure, secure property, sound financial system -Comparatively high social mobility

VI. Textiles: More, Better, Cheaper Earliest industrial change took place in countryside, not cities Domestic or putting-out system of textile production (family economy): urban textile merchants sent wool and other fibers to homes of peasants who spun thread and wove cloth

VI. Textiles: More, Better, Cheaper Growing demand causes production bottlenecks, leading to famous inventions: -Spinning Jenny, c. 1765 (James Hargreaves)—multiple spindles of thread spun on one machine; relieved bottleneck between spinners & weavers

VI. Textiles: More, Better, Cheaper Growing demand causes production bottlenecks, leading to famous inventions: -Water frame, 1769 (Richard Arkwright)—water-powered device that produced purely cotton fabric, rather than cotton and linen; took cotton textile manufacture out of the home and into the factory Cotton output increased 800%, 1780–1900

Cotton Is King:

VII. Steam: Powering a Revolution James Watt, 1769—Scottish engineer and machine maker Provided for the first time in history a steady and virtually unlimited source of inanimate power Portable source of power not dependent on nature Myriad industrial applications

VIII. Iron: Building a Revolution Chief element of all heavy industry and land or sea transport Production limitations, early 18th c.: -Charcoal rather than coke used to smelt ore -Before steam engine, furnaces couldn’t achieve high enough blasts -Limited demand Elimination of first two problems eliminated the third

Invention and Innovation: Complete by the Next Class One of the keys to the industrial revolution was the need to change. To do this, many inventions and innovations were created that inherently changed the way people existed on a day to day basis. EX: The Steam Locomotive allowed people to travel long distances in a short period of time. EX: The Revolution in textiles allowed people to have access to comfortable and affordable clothing Today, unfortunately, there are many huge problems in the world today. While we might assume that modern inventions are making a huge difference, the reality is that most inventions/innovations today are based around consumerism. While I’m sure many of us will but an I-Phone 27 S, I doubt that it will honestly make much of a difference in our daily lives. Your Task: Identify one of the major issues in the world today. Think about how this issue is effecting people locally or abroad. Think about what needs to be done to solve that problem. Is this a relatively easy task or is it something that will be incredibly difficult? You must be part of the solution, not part of the problem. Create an invention (does not have to be currently possible) that will address that problem. Explain, in detail, how this invention works and draw a diagram that shows how it works. In detail, explain how this invention will change the world for the better (or worse).