Carole Peterson Memorial University of Newfoundland “And I Was Very, Very Crying ” Children’s Memory of Medical Emergencies Carole Peterson Memorial University of Newfoundland 11/17/2018 And I Was Very, Very Crying

And I Was Very, Very Crying …and Teddy could hear me right out in the parking lot! 11/17/2018 And I Was Very, Very Crying

And I Was Very, Very Crying 11/17/2018 And I Was Very, Very Crying

And I Was Very, Very Crying Overview Target Events: Injuries Needing Emergency Room Treatment Recruited from ER Interview based on Prototype Children Interviewed 4 Times (Original study) Shortly after event 6 months later 1 year later 2 years later Parents Interviewed at 1st Visit 11/17/2018 And I Was Very, Very Crying

Student Collaborators Michael Bell Suanne Carter Myra Dean Nicola Donovan Craig Dowden Melody Grant Tiffany Hardy Corinna MacDonald Lisa Moores Melanie Noel Tina Parsons Michelle Rees Darlene Rice Regina Rideout Jennifer Saunders Tracy Tizzard Jennifer Tobin Susan Tobin Sharon Watton Nikki Whalen Gina White 11/17/2018 And I Was Very, Very Crying

2 Year Follow-up: Children 2 -13 Years When Injured Number of Participants 11 2 year olds 24 3-4 year olds 31 5-6 year olds 29 8-9 year olds 22 12-13 year olds 11/17/2018 And I Was Very, Very Crying

Distribution of Stress Levels 11/17/2018 And I Was Very, Very Crying

And I Was Very, Very Crying Data Reduction Completeness of Recall (% of relevant prototype elements child recalled) Accuracy of Recall (% of those elements they recalled that were correct) 11/17/2018 And I Was Very, Very Crying

Two Years Later: Completeness of Recall 11/17/2018 And I Was Very, Very Crying

Percent Components Recalled: Event x Time 11/17/2018 And I Was Very, Very Crying

Two Years Later: Accuracy of Recall 11/17/2018 And I Was Very, Very Crying

Percent Accuracy of Recall: Event x Time 11/17/2018 And I Was Very, Very Crying

And I Was Very, Very Crying Yes/No Questions Are questions in yes/no format reliable questions? Reliability important since most questions in forensic situations are yes/no 11/17/2018 And I Was Very, Very Crying

% Accuracy of “Yes” and “No” Responses 11/17/2018 And I Was Very, Very Crying

Effect of Stress Level 2 year follow-up 11/17/2018 And I Was Very, Very Crying

And I Was Very, Very Crying Effect of Stress Level Partial Correlations between stress and memory (Age partialled out) INJURY – No significant correlations HOSPITAL Central details More complete & more accurate   Peripheral details No effect of stress 11/17/2018 And I Was Very, Very Crying

5 Year Follow-up: 2-13 year olds Number of Participants 9 2 year olds 17 3-4 year olds 17 5-6 year olds 22 8-9 year olds 16 12-13 year olds 11/17/2018 And I Was Very, Very Crying

Five Years Later: Completeness of Recall 11/17/2018 And I Was Very, Very Crying

Five Years Later: Accuracy of Recall 11/17/2018 And I Was Very, Very Crying

If the child was pre-narrative (unable to talk about the past) Ability to recount the past begins at 2-2½ years Some children injured when only 1 year old (or barely 2 years) Unable to tell about the event soon after it occurred Ability to talk about the past (narrate) not yet present Can they translate these nonverbal memories to verbal accounts? 11/17/2018 And I Was Very, Very Crying

Number of children recalling something about the target event . Age No Recall Some Recall 1-Yr-Olds 15 10 2-Yr-Olds 3* 11/17/2018 And I Was Very, Very Crying

Classification of Children’s Recall at 5 Years 1-year-olds 2-year-olds Good recall 1 7 Minimal report 2 Amalgamated No recall 15 3 11/17/2018 And I Was Very, Very Crying

Forensic Implications What are the courts asking memory experts about children’s long-term memory? 11/17/2018 And I Was Very, Very Crying

And I Was Very, Very Crying Questions Can a preschooler be a reliable witness? Can a child under 2 years be a reliable witness? How important are competency requirements like understanding the concept of truth and lies? 11/17/2018 And I Was Very, Very Crying