Macromolecules Biology Ms. Lew

Vocabulary Macromolecule Carbohydrates Lipids Nucleic Acids Protein Polymer Monomer Carbohydrates Sugars Monosaccharide Polysaccharide Starch Lipids Saturated fat Unsaturated fat Nucleic Acids Protein Amino Acid Nucleotide Phosphate

Organic Compounds Contain C Carbon is special because it contains 4 valence electrons – giving it the ability to form MILLIONS of different compounds

Organic Compounds Contain C WHY?? … Carbon wants 8 electrons. So… Carbon wants to form 4 covalent bonds to fill its outer orbital allowing for a large number of possible combinations

Organic Compounds Contain C Carbon also likes to bond with other Carbon Atoms to form new structures

Carbon Chains

Carbon Ring

Macromolecule: Giant molecule made of thousands of smaller molecules

A Polymer is: Large molecule made of repeating subunits called monomers.

Why should we care about this Why should we care about this? Our bodies contain this amount of each element:

What were the compounds in Group B? . . . Sugars and Carbo-hydrates

Carbohydrates Functions: Main source of energy Elements: C, H, O Building Blocks: Sugars (saccharides) Functions: Main source of energy Examples: sucrose, lactose, glucose, fructose.. Starch, cellulose, glycogen

Monosaccharides Disaccharides Single sugar molecules Ie: glucose, galactose, fructose Found in milk & fruit Disaccharides Double sugar molecules (2 rings) Ie: Sucrose (table sugar), Lactose (found in milk)

Polysaccharides Large, complex macromolecules Animals use GLYCOGEN. Stored in the liver and muscles. Plants use STARCH & CELLULOSE

Additional Info Your body NEEDS WATER in order to break down other carbohydrates into the glucose it needs. That’s why you get thirsty when you eat - and why we need water to live!

What were the compounds in Group C? . . . Lipids (Fats)

Lipids Elements: C, H, O Can be a: Fat, steroid or phospholipid Building Blocks of FATS: 1 Glycerol and 3 fatty acids (triglyceride)

Lipids Functions: Store energy (fats), form membranes (phospholipids), act as hormones (steroids) Examples: fats, cholesterol, estrogen, testosterone

Types of Fats Saturated Fat: Fatty acid contains the MAXIMUM number of possible hydrogen atoms. Tend to be SOLIDS at room temperature

Types of Fats Unsaturated Fat: Fatty acid contains at least one double bond, meaning it does not have the maximum number of hydrogen. Polyunsaturated fats have more then one double bond. Tend to be LIQUIDS at room temperature

Types of Fats TRANS FATS (hydrogenated oils) Created in an industrial process that adds hydrogen to liquid vegetable oils to make them more solid. http://www.heart.org/HEARTORG/GettingHealthy/FatsAndOils/Fats101/Trans-Fats_UCM_301120_Article.jsp#.VjgB2YRRrdQ

What were the compounds in Group D? . . . Nucleotides and Nucleic Acids

Nucleic Acid Elements: C, H, O, N, P Building Blocks: Nucleotides

Nucleic Acid Functions: Store and transmit genetic information Examples: DNA, RNA

What were the compounds in Group A? . . Amino Acids and Proteins!

Proteins Elements: C, H, O, N, S Building Blocks: Amino Acids H2N COOH

Functions: form structures (bones, muscles, hair), regulate cell processes. Examples: bone, muscle, nails, hair, enzymes, hormones

Moderation in all things Eat a variety of food to get what our body needs Do red meat/processed foods cause cancer?

Nutrition Facts Activity: Find the food product at your table with: 1) The most carbohydrates 2) The most fats (lipids) 3) The most protein 4) The most calories 5) Which product would you consider to be the most “unhealthy.” Why? On your group's paper, write down the name of the food product and how many grams/percent of Daily Value it is.