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Atomic Composition

2 oxygen atoms + 1 Carbon atom = Atoms can form chemical bonds by transferring or sharing outer shell electrons 2 oxygen atoms + 1 Carbon atom = Chemical formula CO2 Structural Formula Notice two oxygen and one carbon in this chemical formula

Glucose Structural Formula Structural Formula

Pentacene

Comparison of Terms Molecule Macromolecule Vinyl chloride is a colorless gas at room temperature PVC

Macromolecules Are the complex molecules that comprise living things

The 4 Macromolecules

Macromolecules: Polymers Made of Repeating Monomers Monomer Unit Carbohydrates Sugars Lipids Fatty acids Proteins Amino acids Nucleic Acids Nucleotides

Synthesis and Breakdown of Macromolecules Dehydration Synthesis Removal of water to add monomer units Hydrolysis Addition of OH and H groups of water to break a bond between monomers

Dehydration Synthesis / Hydrolysis

Carbohydrates: Functions Energy source Structural component Cell-cell communication

Lipids: Structure Phospholipid—component of cell membranes Hydrophilic Polar Head Glycerol Fatty Acid Tails Hydrophilic Hydrophobic

Triglyceride Formation H C OH O C H Glycerol Remove These Waters C O H This shows how water is removed from three fatty acids and glycerol to make a fat and water. C OH O H C OH O H C OH O H C O H Add 3 Fatty Acids HOH 3 Waters

Which Is a Source of Unsaturated Fatty Acids? Linseed Oil Beef Fat

Steroids Cholesterol Estradiol Testosterone

Lipids: Functions Concentrated energy source Structural components of cell membranes Phospholipids Cholesterol Communication Steroid Hormones Protection from water Waxes Cholesterol Phospholipids

The “R” Group Differs for Each Amino Acid Proteins: Structure Primary structure = chain of amino acids Amino acids have common features Carboxylic Acid Group Amino Group     See p 34 R “Alpha” Carbon The “R” Group Differs for Each Amino Acid

Proteins: Structure Forming the Protein Chain The Peptide Bond Water Phenylalanine-Leucine Dipeptide

Four Levels of Protein Structure Primary Structure = sequence of amino acids in chain

Four Levels of Protein Structure Primary (Sequence) Tertiary (Folding by R-group interactions) Depending on the sequence of amino acids, the polypeptide chain can either form a spiral like the tube on the left, or a pleated sheet like on the right. Some proteins have a spiral section followed by a sheet section, etc. Quaternary (Two or more chains associating) Secondary (Coiling by Hydrogen Bonding)

Hair Curling Straight Hair Naturally Curly Hair | S | S | | S | S |

Proteins: Functions Structural Component of Cells Control of Metabolic Reactions: enzymes Growth and Repair Communication Protein Hormones Cell Receptors Energy source Protein Protein

Nucleic acid structure