Taxonomy Naming and grouping organisms based on characteristics and evolutionary history

Linnaeus’s System 1750’s – Based on Form and Structure Binomial Nomenclature 2 Part Name 1: Genus 2: Species identifier Capitalize the first part All underlined or italicized

Modern Classification Systematics: Classification based on phylogeny Phylogeny: Evolutionary history of the organisms Phylogenetic Tree: Shows evolutionary relationship between groups of organisms Characteristics used: Fossil Record Morphology (homologous structures) Embryological Development Chromosomes & Macromolecules

Cladograms A tree made using the principles of cladistics Group organisms by shared derived characters – feature only evolved within that grouping

Domains Bacteria (Eubacteria) Archaea (Archaebacteria) Eukarya (Eukaryotes) Woese based it on ribosomal RNA

Kingdoms SIX: Archaebacteria Eubacteria Protista Fungi Plantae Animalia

Archaebacteria

Eubacteria

Fungi

Protists

Plants

Animals

Archaebacteria Prokaryote Autotroph or heterotroph Lives in harsh environments volcanic hot springs some can only survive in environments without oxygen Cell walls have no peptidoglycan Cell membranes have unique lipids not found in any other organism Single cellular More similar to Eukaryotes

Archaebacteria Methanogens, halophiles

Eubacteria Prokaryotic Heterotroph or Autotroph All over some found in soil others deadly parasites Some need oxygen, others are poisoned by oxygen Cell walls contain peptidoglycan Single Cellular Three shapes! Rods, spirals and spheres Strep throat and E Coli

Eubacteria

Protists Eukaryotic Autotrophs or Heterotrophs Animal Like: Heterotrophs Fungi Like: Absorb nutrients outside of their bodies Plant Like: Photosynthesis Survive in moist environments Many have varied ways of locomotion Very Varied! Cell walls made of cellulose Most unicellular but some multicellular Amoebas, slime molds, paramecium, giant kelp, algae

Protists

Fungi Eukaryotic Heterotrophs- Absorb nutrients outside of body Cell Walls made of chitin Most mutlicellular but some unicellular Found on decaying material (decomposers) or on living material (parasitic) Common molds, Sac Fungi, Club Fungi, Imperfect Fungi

Fungi

Plants Eukaryotic Autotrophic Found in water and on land Cell walls made of cellulose and contain chloroplasts Multicellular Mosses, Ferns, Cones and Flowers

Plants

Animals Eukaryotic Heterotrophs Found all over No cell walls and no chloroplasts Most can move for at least a part of their life cycle Multicellular Vertebrates and invertebrates Sponges, worms, insects, fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, mammals

Animal

Dichotomous Key Way to determine the specific names of unknown organisms Two part steps (di- means two) Step Part Trait Direction 1 A Size, shape, markings… Go to Step 2… B Naming the second part of the group Go to Step 3… 2 Now split those from 1A in two groups Second group from 1 A 3

E X A M P L ! Dichotomous Key 1. a. Has pointed ears .................................... go to 3 1. b. Has rounded ears ....................................go to 2 2. a. Has no tail ............................................. Kentuckyus 2. b. Has tail .................................................. Dakotus 3. a. Ears point upward .................................... go to 5 3. b. Ears point downward ..............go to 4 4. a. Engages in waving behavior ............................. Dallus 4. b. Has hairy tufts on ears ..........................................Californius 5. a. Engages in waving behavior ............................. WalaWala 5. b. Does not engage in waving behavior ....................go to 6 6. a. Has hair on head ............................................. Beverlus 6. b. Has no hair on head (may have ear tufts) .......go to 7 7. a. Has a tail ............................................. Yorkio 7. b. Has no tail, aggressive ............................ Rajus E X A M P L !