3rd Quarter Review Biology

What are the components of a DNA nucleotide? 3 parts: 1. 5 carbon sugar “deoxyribose” 2. Phosphate group 3. nitrogenous base

What are the base pairs that make up DNA? RNA? Adenine Adenine And And Thymine Uracil Cytosine Cytosine Guanine Guanine

three consecutive bases that specify a single amino acid to What is a codon? three consecutive bases that specify a single amino acid to be added to the polypeptide chain

IF a sequence of DNA reads: A G G C T A T T A C G G A T T, what would the complementary DNA sequence read? TCCGATAATGCCTAA

What are the characteristics of living things? All Living Things: 1.are made of cells 2. grow & develop 3. obtain & use energy 4. respond to their environment 5. have the ability to reproduce 6. are based on a universal genetic code 7. evolve

Where in the cell does protein synthesis take place? On ribosomes found in the cytoplasm

What type of RNA carries the information of DNA from the nucleus to the cytoplasm? mRNA

What factors inhibit enzyme activity? 1. temperature 2. pH 3. inhibitors

Define the law of segregation. alleles for a trait separate when gametes are formed; allele pairs randomly unite at fertilization

What does DNA replication result in? two DNA molecules each with one new strand and one original strand

What is the building block of carbohydrates? Proteins? Nucleic acids? Carbs- Glucose(monosaccharides) Proteins- Amino acids Nucleic Acids- nucleotides

Who were the two people that are credited with the discovery of structure of DNA? Watson and Crick

Where does ATP store its energy? In chemical bonds between phosphate groups

List the steps of the cell cycle in order. Gap 1 S Gap 2 M

Why is Meiosis I often called "reduction division" ? diploid cells divide to become haploid cells

What is the purpose of DNA? Encodes and transmits genetic information

What is meiosis? the production of sperm and egg cells

Prophase Metaphase Anaphase Telophase List the stages of mitosis in order. (HINT: be familiar with what each stage looks like) Prophase Metaphase Anaphase Telophase

What is the goal of stem cell research? to repair or replace badly damaged cells and tissues

What is incomplete dominance? Give an example One allele is not completely dominant; leads to a blending of traits.

Describe the chromosome number during fertilization. n + n = 2n

the diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane What is osmosis? the diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane

Why is the cell membrane described as selectively permeable? it selects what will pass in and out of the cell

Why do cells undergo cell division? 1. Growth 2. Repair & replacement of damaged or worn out cells 3. Asexual reproduction

Describe the terms hypotonic, hypertonic, isotonic Describe the terms hypotonic, hypertonic, isotonic. What happens to a cell placed in each type of solution? Hypo-water flows into the cell; swells Hyper-water flows out of the cell; shrinks Iso-water enters & exits at the same rate; remains the same size

What is the difference between Mitosis and Meiosis? Be specific. Divisions: 1 2 Daughter cells: 4 Genetically: identical different Chromosomal change: Diploid to Diploid Diploid to haploid

Photosynthesis: Light + CO2 + H2O -> glucose + O2 Cell respiration: Explain the similarities and differences between cell respiration and photosynthesis. Photosynthesis: Light + CO2 + H2O -> glucose + O2 Cell respiration: Glucose + O2 -> H2O + CO2 + energy Both involve energy transformations

What is homeostasis? The ability to maintain stable internal conditions in response to changing external conditions

How does energy flow through an ecosystem beginning with producers? producer herbivore carnivore decomposer

What are primary producers? Consumers? Decomposers? producers- organisms who make their own food consumers- organisms who obtain energy by feeding on producers decomposers- organisms that break down dead and decaying matter

What are the density dependent limiting factors? competition, predation, parasitism, crowding, disease

What is carrying capacity? the maximum number of individuals an environment can sustain over time

Compare and contrast passive and active transport. movement: High to low concentration Low to high concentration Energy used: No energy used Uses energy Gradient: Down the gradient Against the gradient

How does exponential growth differ from logistic growth? Exponential-rapid growth under conditions that are ideal Logistic- growth is limited by available resources

How do carbon’s 4 valence electrons make it uniquely suited to form the biological macromolecules? 4 valence electrons allow it to form complex, diverse molecules

What is the equation that describes cellular respiration What is the equation that describes cellular respiration? Photosynthesis?

Where does photosynthesis occur in the chloroplast? Light dependent- in the thylakoid Light independent- in the stroma

Explain why plants must undergo both photosynthesis and cellular respiration. Plants must first produce the sugars they will use to fuel their own cellular respiration

Describe the stages of the cell cycle. G1 - cell growth S - DNA is duplicated G2 - preparation for division M - mitosis and cytokinesis

What are some characteristics of the cell membrane? -Found surrounding all cells -contain protein channels and carriers -semi-permeable