Hillsdale Hostel July 25-29, 2016 Islam and the West Hillsdale Hostel July 25-29, 2016

Hillsdale Hostel July 25-29, 2016 Prof. Don Westblade Dept of Religion Islam and the West Hillsdale Hostel July 25-29, 2016

Islam and the West

Two introductory questions… Why learn about Islam? How to learn about Islam?

Why learn about Islam? Gerald R. McDermott

Why learn about Islam? It's the Demography, Stupid BY MARK STEYN THE CENTURY AHEAD WSJ It's the Demography, Stupid The real reason the West is in danger of extinction. BY MARK STEYN Wednesday, January 4, 2006 12:01 a.m. EST

Why learn about Islam?

Why learn about Islam?

Worldwide population, 2012-13 Why learn about Islam? Worldwide population, 2012-13   Christian: 2.1 billion (31.5%, dropping) Muslim: 1.6 billion (islamicpopulation.com: 1.84 b) (24%, rising) Indonesia: 205 million Pakistan: 178 million India: 177 million sub-Saharan Africa: 120 million Nigeria: 76 million USA: 2.6 million (CAIR: 6-7 million)

Why learn about Islam? Secular, non-religious, atheist, agnostic: 1 billion (15%, dropping after the fall of USSR)   Hindu: 900 million (13%, stable) Chinese tradit.: 400 million (6%) Buddhist: 376 million (6%) Primal indigenous: 300 million (4%) African traditional: 100 million (1.5%)

Why learn about Islam? Christian Population Concentration Muslim

Why learn about Islam?

Why learn about Islam?

Why learn about Islam?

Why learn about Islam?

How to learn about Islam? Prefer respect to contentiousness Listen twice, think twice, speak once Prefer objectivity to neutrality

Neutrality Adopting a middle position or a position of non-commitment, despite where the best evidence indicates the truth lies.

Objectivity Adopting the position most strongly supported by the best evidence, with a passion proportionate to the weight of the evidence and to the significance of the subject (always ready, of course, to shift one's position wherever new evidence builds a stronger case for a competing conclusion).

How to learn about Islam? Prefer respect to contentiousness Listen twice, think twice, speak once Prefer objectivity to neutrality

Two primary questions… What is Islam? Authority: Who gets to decide what it is? What do Muslims believe about God/Allah? Rhetorical strategy: Do Muslims and Jews and Christians worship the same God?

What Is Islam?

What Is Islam?

What Is Islam?

What Is Islam? A “Western” Religion • Abraham • Monotheism

What Is Islam? A “Western” Religion • Abraham • Monotheism • din = law • orthopraxy vs. orthodoxy • the “straight path”: piety = politics • no “separation of church and state” A civilization that flourished under the religion

M u S L i M : one who submits S eL aM : peace/rest in God What Is Islam? Etymologically (in Arabic) … S L M : (to submit) i S L a M : submission M u S L i M : one who submits S eL aM : peace/rest in God cf. ShaL oM : peace/wholeness

Dar al Islam Sunni Shi’ite Muhammad Abu Bakr Umar Uthman Ali Hassan Traditional Shi’ite “Party” of Ali Muhammad Abu Bakr Umar Uthman Ali Hassan Hussein “Rightly Guided Caliphs” Not Muhammad’s Descendents True Caliph Assassinated at Karbala

Dar al Islam Sunni Shi’ite Muhammad Abu Bakr Umar Uthman Ali Hassan Traditional Shi’ite “Party” of Ali Muhammad Abu Bakr Umar Uthman Ali Hassan Hussein “Rightly Guided Caliphs” Not Muhammad’s Descendents True Caliph Assassinated at Karbala

Dar al Islam Sunni Shi’ite Traditional “Party” of Ali Caliphate, ulama humanly elected authoritative, corruptible Hadith of Caliphs Interpretation: external meaning, accessible to all Prayer 5x/day in congregation Imamate divinely appointed infallible Hadiths of Muh. & Ali Interpretation: + esoteric meaning, accessible to imams Prayer 1-2-2 occas. indiv. Nikah Mut‘ah "temporary marriage"

Dar al Islam Sunni Traditional Shi’ite “Party” of Ali 5 Pillars

The 5 Pillars of Sunni Islam Profession of faith (Kilama/Shahada) Prayer (Salah) five times daily Almsgiving (Zakah), 2.5% Fasting (Sawm) during the month of Ramadan Pilgrimage (Hajj) to Mecca

Dar al Islam Sunni Shi’ite Traditional “Party” of Ali 5 Pillars 4 Schools of Law • Hanafi (west/cent Asia) • Maliki (Africa) • Shafi’i (Egypt; e. Asia) • Hanbali (Arabia) Salafism Wahhabism Mystics: Sufism

Dar al -Islam Sunni Shi’ite Traditional “Party” of Ali 5 Pillars 4 Schools of Law Twelvers Ismailis Zaidis • Hanafi (west/cent Asia) • Maliki (Africa) • Shafi’i (Egypt; e. Asia) • Hanbali (Arabia) Salafism Wahhabism Mystics: Sufism

Dar al -Islam Sunni Shi’ite Traditional “Party” of Ali 5 Pillars 4 Schools of Law Twelvers Ismailis Zaidis • Hanafi (west/cent Asia) • Maliki (Africa) • Shafi’i (Egypt; e. Asia) • Hanbali (Arabia) Salafism Wahhabism Mystics: Sufism

The Twelve Imams of the Twelvers 1. Ali ibn Abu Talib (600–661) 2. Hasan ibn Ali (625–669) 3. Husayn ibn Ali (626–680) 4. Ali ibn Husayn (658–713) 5. Muhammad ibn Ali (676–743) 6. Jafar ibn Muhammad (703–765) 7. Musa ibn Jafar (745–799) 8. Ali ibn Musa (765–818) 9. Muhammad ibn Ali (810–835) 10. Ali ibn Muhamad (827–868) 11. Hasan ibn Ali (846–874) 12. Muhammad ibn Hasan (868–939..) --the Mahdi

Dar al -Islam Sunni Shi’ite Traditional “Party” of Ali 5 Pillars 8+ Practices 4 Schools of Law Twelvers Ismailis Zaidis • Hanafi (west/cent Asia) • Maliki (Africa) • Shafi’i (Egypt; e. Asia) • Hanbali (Arabia) Salafism Wahhabism Mystics: Sufism

8(plus) Practices of the Twelvers Prayer (Salah) five times daily (sometimes back to back) Fasting (Sawm) during daylight hours of Ramadan Pilgrimage (Hajj) to Mecca Almsgiving (Zakah), 2.5% Financial support of Imams (Khums) 20% of yr-end savings Struggle against evil (Jihad) (greater and lesser) Commanding what is good (Amr-Bil-Ma’rof) Forbidding what is evil (nahi-Anil-Munkar) Loving the (“People of the House” of Ali) Ahlul Bayt Dissociating oneself from the enemies of the Ahlul Bayt

Dar al -Islam Sunni Shi’ite Traditional “Party” of Ali 5 Pillars 8+ Practices 4 Schools of Law Twelvers Ismailis Zaidis • Hanafi (west/cent Asia) • Maliki (Africa) • Shafi’i (Egypt; e. Asia) • Hanbali (Arabia) Salafism Wahhabism Mystics: Sufism

Dar al -Islam Sunni Shi’ite Traditional “Party” of Ali 5 Pillars 8+ Practices 4 Schools of Law Twelvers Ismailis Zaidis • Hanafi (west/cent Asia) • Maliki (Africa) • Shafi’i (Egypt; e. Asia) • Hanbali (Arabia) Persian Safavid Iranian Republic Syrian Alawites? Turkish Alevis? Salafism Wahhabism Mystics: Sufism

Alevis in Turkey A mystical union between Muhammad and Ali Influences of the Sunni Sufi movementEmanation from God, to spiritual man, earthly man, animals, plants, and minerals; and return by same path Four major life-stages, or "gates": 1. Sheriat (Sharia) ("religious law") 2. Tarikat ("spiritual brotherhood") 3. Marifat ("spiritual knowledge") 4. Hakikat ("Reality" or "Truth", i.e., God) Worship in assembly houses rather than in mosques Leadership structure by family descent No legal obligations to make Hajj, pay alms Tolerance of other religions, love for other people Respect for work, workers

Dar al -Islam Sunni Shi’ite Traditional “Party” of Ali 5 Pillars 8+ Practices 4 Schools of Law Twelvers Ismailis Zaidis • Hanafi (west/cent Asia) • Maliki (Africa) • Shafi’i (Egypt; e. Asia) • Hanbali (Arabia) Persian Safavid Iranian Republic Syrian Alawites? Turkish Alevis? Salafism Wahhabism Mystics: Sufism

Dar al -Islam Sunni Shi’ite Traditional “Party” of Ali 5 Pillars 8+ Practices 7-8 Pillars 4 Schools of Law Twelvers Ismailis Zaidis • Hanafi (west/cent Asia) • Maliki (Africa) • Shafi’i (Egypt; e. Asia) • Hanbali (Arabia) Persian Safavid Iranian Republic Syrian Alawites? Turkish Alevis? Salafism Wahhabism Mystics: Sufism

7 [8] Pillars of the Ismailis [Profession of faith (Shahada)] (add: “Ali is the friend of God”) Guardianship (Walayah) devotion to be guided by God, the Prophets, the Imam, and the Dai Purity (Taharah) Prayer (Salah) 3 times daily, as Imam directs Charity (Zakah) + 12.5% Khums + 12.5% welfare Fasting (Sawm) of desire for worldly activities (food) Pilgrimage (Hajj) -spiritual vs literal - to Imam Struggle (Jihad) - the Greater against personal vices

Dar al -Islam Sunni Shi’ite Traditional “Party” of Ali 5 Pillars 8+ Practices 7-8 Pillars 4 Schools of Law Twelvers Ismailis Zaidis • Hanafi (west/cent Asia) • Maliki (Africa) • Shafi’i (Egypt; e. Asia) • Hanbali (Arabia) Seveners (800) Qarmatians Persian Safavid Iranian Republic Syrian Alawites? Turkish Alevis? Salafism Wahhabism Mystics: Sufism

The Seventh Imam of the Ismaili Shi’ites 1. Ali ibn Abu Talib (600–661) 2. Hasan ibn Ali (625–669) 3. Husayn ibn Ali (626–680) 4. Ali ibn Husayn (658–713) 5. Muhammad ibn Ali (676–743) 6. Jafar ibn Muhammad (703–765) 7. Musa ibn Jafar (745–799) 8. Ali ibn Musa (765–818) 9. Muhammad ibn Ali (810–835) 10. Ali ibn Muhamad (827–868) 11. Hasan ibn Ali (846–874) 12. Muhammad ibn Hasan (868–?) Mahdi 7. Ismail ibn Jafar Muhammad ibn Ismail (Seveners: hidden Imam)

Dar al -Islam Sunni Shi’ite Traditional “Party” of Ali 5 Pillars 8+ Practices 7-8 Pillars 4 Schools of Law Twelvers Ismailis Zaidis • Hanafi (west/cent Asia) • Maliki (Africa) • Shafi’i (Egypt; e. Asia) • Hanbali (Arabia) Seveners (800) Qarmatians Fatimid (909) Druze (1021) Persian Safavid Iranian Republic Syrian Alawites? Turkish Alevis? Salafism Wahhabism Mystics: Sufism

The Druze Lebanon, Syria, Israel, Jordan “People of Monotheism” / “Unitarian” Strong distinctions from other Ismaili groups Followers of Fatimid Nashtakin ad-Darazi Fatimid Caliph Al-Hakim deified Tajalli: incarnation/theophany of God in certain mystics Al-Hakim opposed Ramadan fast and Hajj to Mecca Substitute shahada for tahara among 7 pillars 5 principles: Universal mind (green) Universal soul (red) Kalima (truth, creed) (yellow) Antagonist/Cause (blue) Protagonist/Effect (white)

Dar al -Islam Sunni Shi’ite Traditional “Party” of Ali 5 Pillars 8+ Practices 7-8 Pillars 4 Schools of Law Twelvers Ismailis Zaidis • Hanafi (west/cent Asia) • Maliki (Africa) • Shafi’i (Egypt; e. Asia) • Hanbali (Arabia) Seveners (800) Qarmatians Fatimid (909) Druze (1021) Nizari (1094) Mustaali (1094) Taiyabi Dawoodi Bohra Alavi Bohra Sulaimani Bohra Hafizi Persian Safavid Iranian Republic Syrian Alawites? Turkish Alevis? Salafism Wahhabism Mystics: Sufism

Dar al -Islam Sunni Shi’ite Traditional “Party” of Ali 5 Pillars 8+ Practices 7-8 Pillars 4 Schools of Law Twelvers Ismailis Zaidis • Hanafi (west/cent Asia) • Maliki (Africa) • Shafi’i (Egypt; e. Asia) • Hanbali (Arabia) Seveners (800) Qarmatians Fatimid (909) Druze (1021) Nizari (1094) Mustaali (1094) Taiyabi Dawoodi Bohra Alavi Bohra Sulaimani Bohra Hafizi Persian Safavid Iranian Republic Syrian Alawites? Turkish Alevis? “Fivers” Salafism Wahhabism Mystics: Sufism

The Twelve Imams of the Fivers 1. Ali ibn Abu Talib (600–661) 2. Hasan ibn Ali (625–669) 3. Husayn ibn Ali (626–680) 4. Ali ibn Husayn (658–713) 5. Muhammad ibn Ali (676–743) Zayd ibn Ali 6. Jafar ibn Muhammad (703–765) 7. Musa ibn Jafar (745–799) 8. Ali ibn Musa (765–818) 9. Muhammad ibn Ali (810–835) 10. Ali ibn Muhamad (827–868) 11. Hasan ibn Ali (846–874) 12. Muhammad ibn Hasan (868–939..) --the Mahdi (A true imam must lead a revolution against a corrupt government)

Dar al -Islam Sunni Shi’ite Traditional “Party” of Ali 5 Pillars 8+ Practices 7-8 Pillars 4 Schools of Law Twelvers Ismailis Zaidis • Hanafi (west/cent Asia) • Maliki (Africa) • Shafi’i (Egypt; e. Asia) • Hanbali (Arabia) Seveners (800) Qarmatians Fatimid (909) Druze (1021) Nizari (1094) Mustaali (1094) Taiyabi Dawoodi Bohra Alavi Bohra Sulaimani Bohra Hafizi Persian Safavid Iranian Republic Syrian Alawites? Turkish Alevis? “Fivers” Alavid Hasanid Yemen Salafism Wahhabism Mystics: Sufism

Dar al -Islam Sunni Shi’ite Dar al-Harb Traditional “Party” of Ali Hanifs (Jahiliyyah) 5 Pillars 8+ Practices 7-8 Pillars 4 Schools of Law Twelvers Ismailis Zaidis • Hanafi (west/cent Asia) • Maliki (Africa) • Shafi’i (Egypt; e. Asia) • Hanbali (Arabia) Seveners (800) Qarmatians Fatimid (909) Druze (1021) Nizari (1094) Mustaali (1094) Taiyabi Dawoodi Bohra Alavi Bohra Sulaimani Bohra Hafizi Persian Safavid Iranian Republic Syrian Alawites? Turkish Alevis? “Fivers” Alavid Hasanid Yemen Salafism Wahhabism Mystics: Sufism

Muslim Adam and Eve

Dar al -Islam Sunni Shi’ite Dar al-Harb Traditional “Party” of Ali Hanifs (Jahiliyyah) 5 Pillars 8+ Practices 7-8 Pillars People of the Book 4 Schools of Law Twelvers Ismailis Zaidis • Hanafi (west/cent Asia) • Maliki (Africa) • Shafi’i (Egypt; e. Asia) • Hanbali (Arabia) Seveners (800) Qarmatians Fatimid (909) Druze (1021) Nizari (1094) Mustaali (1094) Taiyabi Dawoodi Bohra Alavi Bohra Sulaimani Bohra Hafizi Persian Safavid Iranian Republic Syrian Alawites? Turkish Alevis? “Fivers” Alavid Hasanid Yemen dhimmi Salafism Wahhabism Mystics: Sufism

People of the Book Qur’an 5, vv. 12-16 Qur’an 2, v.62 Qur’an 109, v.6

People of the Book Qur’an 5, v.51 O ye who believe! take not the Jews and the Christians for your friends and protectors (over the Muslims): They are but friends and protectors to each other. And he amongst you that turns to them (for friendship) is of them. Verily Allah guides not a people unjust.

Dhimmi Qur’an 9:29 Fight those who do not believe in Allah nor the Last Day, nor hold that forbidden which has been forbidden by Allah and His Messenger, nor acknowledge the Religion of Truth, (even if they are) of the People of the Book, until they pay the Jizya with willing submission, and feel themselves subdued.

Dar al -Islam Sunni Shi’ite Dar al-Harb Traditional “Party” of Ali Hanifs (Jahiliyyah) 5 Pillars 8+ Practices 7-8 Pillars People of the Book 4 Schools of Law Twelvers Ismailis Zaidis • Hanafi (west/cent Asia) • Maliki (Africa) • Shafi’i (Egypt; e. Asia) • Hanbali (Arabia) Seveners (800) Qarmatians Fatimid (909) Druze (1021) Nizari (1094) Mustaali (1094) Taiyabi Dawoodi Bohra Alavi Bohra Sulaimani Bohra Hafizi Persian Safavid Iranian Republic Syrian Alawites? Turkish Alevis? “Fivers” Alavid Hasanid Yemen dhimmi Salafism Wahhabism Mystics: Sufism

Dar al -Islam Sunni Shi’ite Dar al-Harb Traditional “Party” of Ali Hanifs (Jahiliyyah) 5 Pillars 8+ Practices 7-8 Pillars People of the Book 4 Schools of Law Twelvers Ismailis Zaidis • Hanafi (west/cent Asia) • Maliki (Africa) • Shafi’i (Egypt; e. Asia) • Hanbali (Arabia) Seveners (800) Qarmatians Fatimid (909) Druze (1021) Nizari (1094) Mustaali (1094) Taiyabi Dawoodi Bohra Alavi Bohra Sulaimani Bohra Hafizi Persian Safavid Iranian Republic Syrian Alawites? Turkish Alevis? “Fivers” Alavid Hasanid Yemen dhimmi ________ Kafir (infidel) kufr (vs. shukr) shirk (vs. tawheed) zulm Salafism Wahhabism Mystics: Sufism

Al-Kafirun: Those who reject Faith Qur’an 2, v.217 If any of you turn back from their faith and die in unbelief, their works will bear no fruit in this life and in the Hereafter; they will be Companions of the Fire and will abide therein.

Al-Kafirun: Those who reject Faith Qur’an 109 In the name of Allah, Most Gracious, Most Merciful. Say: O you that reject Faith! I do not worship that which you worship, nor will you worship that which I worship. And I will not worship that which you have been wont to worship, nor will you worship that which I worship. To you be your Way and to me mine.

Al-Kafirun: Those who reject Faith Qur’an 60, v.8 God welcomes you to be kind those who have not made war against you on account of [your] religion, and have not driven you forth from your homes, that you show them kindness (birr) and deal with them justly; surely God loves the doers of justice. God only forbids you respecting those who made war upon you on account of [your] religion, and drove you forth from your homes and backed up [others] in your expulsion, that you make friends with them, and whoever makes friends with them, these are the unjust.

Al-Kafirun: Those who reject Faith Qur’an 4, v.76 Those who believe fight in the cause of Allah, and those who reject Faith fight in the cause of Evil: so you fight against the friends of Satan: feeble indeed is the cunning of Satan.

Dar al -Islam Sunni Shi’ite Dar al-Harb Traditional “Party” of Ali Hanifs (Jahiliyyah) 5 Pillars 8+ Practices 7-8 Pillars People of the Book 4 Schools of Law Twelvers Ismailis Zaidis • Hanafi (west/cent Asia) • Maliki (Africa) • Shafi’i (Egypt; e. Asia) • Hanbali (Arabia) Seveners (800) Qarmatians Fatimid (909) Druze (1021) Nizari (1094) Mustaali (1094) Taiyabi Dawoodi Bohra Alavi Bohra Sulaimani Bohra Hafizi Persian Safavid Iranian Republic Syrian Alawites? Turkish Alevis? “Fivers” Alavid Hasanid Yemen dhimmi ________ Kafir (infidel) kufr (vs. shukr) shirk zulm Salafism Wahhabism Mystics: Sufism

What Is Islam?

What Is Islam? Authority: Who gets to decide what it is? Islam has no univocal source of authority to give it a single normative definition. No self-interpreting scripture. No living, acknowledged prophet. No magisterium. It exists in competing expressions of legal, social, and ideological visions put forward by manifold local authorities and communities, who do nevertheless share a very broad foundation in monotheism and respect for the revelations and example of their 7th-century prophet, Muhammad.

What Is Islam? One expression of the broad foundation: You Are a Muslim When You … Believe in your heart that there is only one God (named Allah in Arabic). Believe in Allah's prophets from Adam to Muhammad, peace be upon them all. Understand that all prophets came with the same message, which is to believe in God and to do good in this world to be rewarded possibly in this life and certainly in the hereafter. Remember that a Muslim is someone who the people are safe from his hand and his tongue (Prophet Muhammad's saying).   When you believe in that, you have to make The DECLARATION (Al-Shahada) by tongue and by heart.

What Is Islam? One expression of the broad foundation: Shahada The DECLARATION (Al-Shahada) Kalima Shahada -- "I bear witness that nothing deserves to be worshipped except Allah, and I bear witness that Muhammad is the Servant and Messenger of Allah.” (Ashadu an La Ilaha illa-llah, wa Ashhadu anna Muhammadan Abdo-hoo wa Rasool-o.) Shahada

What Is Islam? Authority: Who gets to decide what it is? Islam has no univocal source of authority to give it a single normative definition. No self-interpreting scripture. No living, acknowledged prophet. No magisterium. It exists in competing expressions of legal, social, and ideological visions put forward by manifold local authorities and communities, who do nevertheless share a very broad foundation in monotheism and respect for the revelations and example of their 7th-century prophet, Muhammad.

What Is Islam? Authority: Who gets to decide what it is? The moral of the story… Islam has many expressions and the effort to treat it as a single set of ideas or people or aspirations is bound to involve one in misleading stereotypes and inaccurate conclusions.

Primary questions… This morning What is Islam? Tomorrow morning Authority: Who gets to decide what it is? Tomorrow morning What do Muslims believe about God/Allah? Rhetorical strategy: Do Muslims and Jews and Christians worship the same God?