MUTACIJA FAKTORA V LEIDEN I TRUDNOĆA

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MUTACIJA FAKTORA V LEIDEN I TRUDNOĆA Vesna Sokol Mislav Herman Marina Ivanišević KBC Zagreb, Klinika za ženske bolesti i porođaje

TROMBOFILIJE NASLJEDNE: mutacija faktora V Leiden, mutacija protrombin G20210A gena, deficijencija proteina S, deficijencija proteina C, deficijencija antitrombina STEČENE: antifosfolipidni sindrom

TRUDNOĆA hiperkoagulabilno stanje povećana rezsitencija na aktivirani protein C (II/III tromjesečje) smanjena aktivnost proteina S porast razine fibrinogena i faktora II, VII, VIII, X porast razine i aktivnost inhibitora fibrinolize (TAFI, PAI-1, PAI-2)

Faktor V Leiden APC POLIPEPTID 506 arginin-glutamin (FVQ506, Arg506Gln) NUKLEOTID 1691 gvanin-adenin (G1691) 1993. god. Autosomno dominantno nasljeđivanje 5-9% europske populacije (Grčka, Švedska, Libanon!!) 40-50% nasljednih trombofilija

DUBOKA VENSKA TROMBOZA (nasljeđena/stečena) PONAVLJAJUĆI POBAČAJI PLUĆNA EMBOLIJA TROMBOFILIJA (nasljeđena/stečena) KOAGULACIJA PLACENTARNA TROMBOZA PREEKLAMPSIJA ABRUPCIJA PLACENTE IUGR PONAVLJAJUĆI POBAČAJI MRTVOROĐENOST

KOMPLIKACIJE UZROKOVANE TROMBOFILIJOM KOD MAJKE- DVT I FVL prospektivna studija, 4885 žena, I tromjesečje/ uredna osobna anamneza rezultati: 134 (2.7%) nosioci FVL- bez DVT prospektivna studija, 1707 žena, II tromjesečje/ uredna osobna, obiteljska, opstetrička anamneza rezlutati: 5.39% heterozogot FVL, 2.38% homozigot PGM- bez DVT Zaključak: asimptomatski nosioci FVL mutacija imaju niski rizik za razvoj DVT!! Dizon- Townson D et al. The relationship of the factor V leiden mutation and pregnancy outcomes for mother and fetus. Obstet Gynecol 2005; 106:517. Said JM et al. Inherited trombophilia polymorphisms and pregnancy outcomes in nulliparous women. Obstet Gynecol 2010; 115:5

SPONTANI POBAČAJI/MRTVOROĐENOST The European Prospective Cohort on Thrombophillia (EPCOT) 843/571(1524)-541/395(1019) Spontani pobačaj/mrtvorođenost-<>28 tjedana!! Fetalni gubitak češći u grupi žena s trombofilijom (29.4/23.5%, OR 1.35, 95% CI 1.01-1.82 OR statistički značajan samo za mrtvorođenost (OR 3.6, 95% CI 1.4-9.4 za mrtvorođenost; nasuprot OR 1.27, 95%, CI 0.94-1.71 za spontani pobačaj) OR za mrtvorođenost kod žena s multiplim trombofilijama 14.3 (95%, CI 2.4-86.0)- “dose response effect” ORs za mrtvorođenost kod individualnih poremećaja: nedostatak AT III 5.2 (95% CI 1.5-18.1), nedostatak proteina C 2.3 (95% CI 0.6-8.3), nedostatak proteina S 3.3 (95% CI 1.0-11.3), FVL 2.0 (95% CI 0.5-7.7) TROMBOFILIJA/SPONTANI POBAČAJ-bez statistički značajne povezanosti (izuzetak nedostatak AT III) Preston, FE, Rosendaal, FR, Walker, ID, et al. Increased fetal loss in women with heritable thrombophilia. Lancet 1996; 348:913.

102 trudnice s gubitkom trudnoće, 47 mrtvorođenosti 5001 trudnica FVL-statistički značajna povezanost s mrtvorođenošću (OR 10.9; 95% CI 2.07-56.94) Bez statistički značajne povezanosti s ranim fetalnim gubitkom (OR 1.76; 95% CI 0.85-3.65) Kocher, O, Cirovic, C, Malynn, E, et al. Obstetric complications in patients with hereditary thrombophilia identified using the LCx microparticle enzyme immunoassay: a controlled study of 5,000 patients. Am J Clin Pathol 2007; 127:68. 102 trudnice s gubitkom trudnoće, 47 mrtvorođenosti Statistički značajna povezanost mrtvorođenosti i FVL, PGM Bez statistički značajne povezanosti ponavljajućih ranih spontanih pobačaja i FVL, PGM Sottilotta, G, Oriana, V, Latella, C, et al. Genetic prothrombotic risk factors in women with unexplained pregnancy loss. Thromb Res 2006; 117:681.

INTRAUTERINI ZASTOJ U RASTU Meta-analiza IUGR/FVL homozigoti/heterozigoti (12 case-control, 4 kohortne studije) IUGR/PGM homozigoti/heterozigoti (11 case-control studija) IUGR/MTHFR C677T homozigoti (10 case-control, 2 kohortne studije) : SLABA/NIKAKVA POVEZANOST IUGR-TROMBOFILIJA Facco, F, You, W, Grobman, W. Genetic Thrombophilias and Intrauterine Growth Restriction: A Meta-analysis. Obstet Gynecol 2009; 113:1206. : moguća povezanost IUGR-protein S? Alfirevic Z, Roberts D, Martlew V. How strong is the association between maternal thrombophilia and adverse pregnancy outcome? A systematic review. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2002; 101:6.

Velik broj studija ne nalazi uzročno/poslijedičnu svezu PREEKLAMPSIJA Velik broj studija ne nalazi uzročno/poslijedičnu svezu Kocher, O, Cirovic, C, Malynn, E, et al. Obstetric complications in patients with hereditary thrombophilia identified using the LCx microparticle enzyme immunoassay: a controlled study of 5,000 patients. Am J Clin Pathol 2007; 127:68. Kahn, SR, Platt, R, McNamara, H, et al. Inherited thrombophilia and preeclampsia within a multicenter cohort: the Montreal Preeclampsia Study. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2009; 200:151. Said, JM, Higgins, JR, Moses, EK, et al. Inherited thrombophilia polymorphisms and pregnancy outcomes in nulliparous women. Obstet Gynecol 2010; 115:5. Silver, RM, Zhao, Y, Spong, CY, et al. Prothrombin gene G20210A mutation and obstetric complications. Obstet Gynecol 2010; 115:14.

ABRUPCIJA POSTELJICE NIZAK PROTOK+HIPERKOAGULABILNOST=TROMBOZA “DOSE-DEPENDENT” RIZIK (OR 10.49, 95% CI 3.99-27.57 za jednu i OR 14.86, 95% CI 5.98-36.95 za multiple) AT III deficijencija!! (OR 60, CI 12-300) Roque, H, Paidas, MJ, Funai, EF, et al. Maternal thrombophilias are not associated with early pregnancy loss. Thromb Haemost 2004; 91:290. Silver, RM, Zhao, Y, Spong, CY, et al. Prothrombin gene G20210A mutation and obstetric complications. Obstet Gynecol 2010; 115:14.

KOGA TESTIRATI?! The American College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists (ACGO): „Rutinsko testiranje nije preporučeno!“ (niska frekvencija simptomatskog oblika bolesti, nedostatak sigurne dugotrajne profilakse protiv tromboembolije)

DA!! skriningu: NE!! skriningu: žena reproduktivne dobi s DVT u osobnoj anamnezi asimptomatske žene koje planiraju trudnoću a u obiteljskoj anamnezi imaju blisku rodbinu s DVT prije 50 god života NE!! skriningu: žene opterećenom opstetričkom anamnezom u obliku habitualnih pobačaja, abrupcije posteljice, zaostalog rasta fetusa ili preeklampsije (NEDOSTATAK UZROČNO- POSLJEDIČNE VEZE TE NEDOSTATAK DOKAZA O EFEKTIVNOSTI ANTIKOAGULANTNIH SREDSTAVA U POBOLJŠAVANJU ISHODA TRUDNOĆE)

DA/NE!! skriningu: žene s habitualnim pobačajima povezanima s histološki dokazanom ishemijom/infarktom posteljice ili trombozom krvnih žila majke (KONTROVERZE: NIZAK RIZIK PONOVNOG JAVLJANJA, NEDOSTATAK DOKAZA O PREVENTIVNOJ EFEKTIVNOSTI ANTIKOAGULANTNIH SREDSTAVA)

LIJEČENJE TERAPIJSKA PRIMJENA PROFILAKTIČKA PRIMJENA UFH12000-35000 d LMWH4000-6500 d POSTELJICA PROFILAKTIČKA PRIMJENA

ZAKLJUČNO: HOMOZIGOTI ZA FVL I FII, SLOŽENI HETEROZIGOTI, DEFICIJENCIJA ATIII – ANTIKOAGULANTNA TH. (TRUDNOĆA+BABINJE) PROFILAKTIČKE DOZE ISTO + OSOBNA/OBITELJSKA AN. VTE - TERAPIJSKE DOZE HETEROZIGOTI ZA FVL I FII, DEFICIJENCIJA PROTEINA C/S + OSOBNA/OBITELJSKA AN. VTE – ANTIKOAGULANTNA TH. (TRUDNOĆA+BABINJE) PROFILAKTIČKE DOZE ISTO BEZ OSOBNE/OBITELJSKE AN. VTE – POSPPARTALNO (SC) ANTIKOAGULANTNA TH. PROFILAKTIČKE DOZE