Basic Chemistry

Section I Matter

Matter – anything that occupies space and has mass Matter exists as a solid, liquid, or gas Anatomy States of Matter Examples: Solid – bones, teeth Liquid – blood plasma, interstitial fluid Gas – air

Phase changes Matter can be changed physically or chemically Physical changes – do not alter the basic nature of a substance Example: ice melting, cutting food into smaller pieces Chemical changes – do alter the composition of the substance Example: fermenting grapes to make wine, digestion of food

Energy – the ability to do work Kinetic energy – movement energy Potential energy – inactive or stored energy

Forms of Energy

Composition of Matter Elements Fundamental units of matter 96% of the body is made from four elements Carbon (C) Oxygen (O) Hydrogen (H) Nitrogen (N) Many more elements occur in smaller amounts or as trace elements

Atoms Building blocks of elements Elements are designated by a one or two letter chemical shorthand called a chemical symbol

Atomic Structure Nucleus Protons: positive charge Neutrons: neutral charge Outside of nucleus, found in orbitals: Electrons: negative charge Figure 2.1

Biochemistry: Essentials for Life Section 2: Biochemistry: Essentials for Life

Biochemistry: Essentials for Life I. Inorganic compounds: Lack carbon Tend to be simpler compounds Examples: Water: H2O Salts: NaCl Some acids & bases: LiOH, HBr

Biochemistry: Essentials for Life II. Organic compounds: Contain carbon Examples of organic compounds: Carbohydrates: glucose Lipids: fats, steroids, waxes Proteins: enzymes, antibodies Nucleic Acids: DNA & RNA

Major Inorganic Compounds MAJOR AREA in Section 2: Major Inorganic Compounds (4 of them) Water Salts Acids Bases

Major Organic Compounds MAJOR AREA in Section 3: Major Organic Compounds (5 of them) Carbohydrate Lipid Proteins Nucleic Acid ATP

Important Inorganic Compounds 1. Water Most abundant inorganic compounds Accounts for two-thirds of body weight 60-80%

Properties of Water Vital properties High heat capacity - absorbs and releases large amounts of heat Polarity/solvent properties - water is the universal solvent Chemical reactivity - water is a reactant in chemical reaction Cushioning – water cushions around the brain, joints, and around a fetus

Important Inorganic Compounds 2. Salts Easily dissociate into ions in the presence of water Vital to many body functions Example: Electrolytes which conduct electrical currents

Important Inorganic Compounds 3. Acids Can release Hydrogen ions Proton donator Ex: Lemons, Citrus, HBr 4. Bases Can release Hydroxide Ions (OH-) Proton acceptors Ex: LiOH, Pepto-Bismal

pH Measures relative concentration of hydrogen ions pH 7 = neutral pH < 7 = acidic pH > 7 = basic Figure 2.11

Important Organic Compounds 1. Carbohydrates Contain C,H,O (carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen) Classified according to size Example: sugars and starches

Types of carbohydrates Monosaccharides Simple sugar Made of 3 to 7 carbon atoms Examples: Glucose - cereals and grains Ribose - sugar found naturally in body DeoxyRIBOnucleic Acid (DNA) Deoxyribose - found in sugar, bread and potatoes (DNA)

Types of carbohydrates Disaccharides Double sugars formed when two simple sugars are joined Examples: Sucrose – cane sugar Lactose – milk sugar Maltose – malt sugar

Types of carbohydrates Polysaccharides Long branching chains of linked simple sugars Large storage products Examples: Starch - cereal grains, pasta Glycogen - most cuts of meat Short term energy source

Carbohydrates

Important Organic Compounds 2. Lipids Contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen (C, H, O) Carbon and hydrogen outnumber oxygen Insoluble in water

Lipids Common lipids in the human body 1. Neutral fats (triglycerides) Found in fat deposits, where they insulate and protect from heat loss and bumps Composed of fatty acids and glycerol Source of stored energy

Lipids 2. Phospholipids 3. Steroids Form cell membranes, lipid bilayer Allows lipid bilayer to be selective about what enters and leaves 3. Steroids Include cholesterol, bile salts, vitamin D, and some hormones (One more slide!)

Cholesterol The basis for all steroids made in the body Figure 2.14c

Important Organic Compounds 3. Proteins Contain carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, and sometimes sulfur Make up 50% of organic matter in the body Made up of amino acids about 20 varieties of amino acids found in proteins the sequence which they are bound together produces proteins that vary in structure and function

Proteins Act as enzymes, hormones, and antibodies Provides for construction materials for body tissues Plays a vital role in cell function

Types of Proteins Fibrous or structural proteins provide strength to body tissues Examples: Collagen - in bones, cartilage, tendons Keratin - in hair and nails

Types of Proteins 2. Globular or functional proteins do things and are important in almost all biological process ** Important in bio. processes Examples: Antibodies - provide immunity Hormones - regulate growth and development Enzymes - catalysts that regulate every chemical reaction

Enzymes Act as biological catalysts Increase the rate of chemical reactions most enzymes end in the suffix -ASE Figure 2.17

Important Organic Compounds 4. Nucleic Acids make up the genes that provide the blueprint of life building blocks: nucleotides 3 parts nitrogen-containing base pentose sugar a phosphate group Examples: DNA and RNA

DNA (Deoxyribonucleic acid) Nucleic Acids DNA determines INHERITED characteristics DNA (Deoxyribonucleic acid) Organized by complimentary bases to form double helix Figure 2.18c

DNA DNA is the genetic material found within the cell nucleus Has 2 functions: 1 - replicates itself before the cell divides 2 - provides instructions for building every protein in the body

RNA located outside of the nucleus carries out protein synthesis

DNA RNA Nucleotide bases (Adenine) A binds to T (Thymine) (Guanine) G binds to C (Cytosine) RNA A binds to U (Uracil) G binds to C

Important Organic Compounds 5. Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) Chemical energy used by all cells Energy is released by breaking high energy phosphate bond ATP is replenished by oxidation of food fuels

How ATP Drives Cellular Work Figure 2.20