Aim: How can we identify both the latent and manifest Unit: Education Aim: How can we identify both the latent and manifest functions of education in the United States? Do Now: Describe some aspects of education that you enjoy, and some that you do not - why?

What do you see the purpose of mandatory education to be What do you see the purpose of mandatory education to be? In other words, why are American students forced into schools until at least the age of 16 (with some exceptions)?

Sociological Perspectives on Education Functionalists – What purpose does formal school have for society? Conflict Theorists: schools reproduce the social inequalities of a society Interactionists: study education on a micro-level, how teacher/student interaction shapes how students perform in school 3

Manifest vs. Latent (hidden) Functions Manifest Functions include: Transmission of content knowledge and academic skills Latent functions (sometimes called the ‘hidden curriculum”) include: transmission of dominant cultural values Socialization and social integration of students into larger society Replacing family functions 4

What values are being taught here? Why would a school want to instill values such as this in students? 5

What values are being taught here? Why would a school want to instill these values in students? 6

What values are being taught here? 7

Latent Functions of Schools

I. Obedience to Authority: Students are taught to obey rules without question Students are punished for disobeying rules What is your opinion of Sewanhaka’s system of rules/punishments? Which are good/bad? Why? 9

II. Gender Stereotypes Career advice still gendered for boys and girls. Some subjects, activities, programs, or sports are seen as “male” or “female” Can you think of examples? 10

III. Acceptance of Inequality Conflict theorist Mechanism for maintaining social inequalities and reproducing the class system. Sets students apart by perceived ability (A.P., Regents, Honors) Encourages the idea that some people are inherently better than others. Prepares students for acceptance of societal inequalities. What are some differences between ‘rich’ and ‘poor’ Schools? 11

Pope Chapel Elementary School, Panola County, 1955. 12

Unequal Funding: Public schools supported by property taxes, so richer communities have more to spend on students/schools Richer areas can offer higher salaries and recruit the best teachers and buy better equipment (computers, books, etc.) Because of this, students from richer areas are better equipped for success after school than poor students. 13

Credentialism and Status Tracking: the practice of placing students in specific curriculum groups based on test scores or perceived abilities Credentialism refers to the increase in the minimum amount of education needed to enter a field Conflict theories believe that this reinforces inequalities, as poorer people cannot afford to earn higher degrees

Academic Tracking Students attend academic classes only with students whose overall academic achievement is the same as their own. Students in less academic tracks acquire vocational skills such as welding or cosmetology, or business skills, such as typing or bookkeeping. Students are usually not offered the opportunity to take classes deemed more appropriate for another track, even if the student has a demonstrated interest and ability in the subject. Has anyone had this experience? 15

Tracking Discussion Questions: What are the benefits/disadvantages of having students of similar abilities in the same class, as opposed to having students of different abilities in the same class? Does tracking accurately separate students of differing abilities, or does it actually serve to create differences in abilities? Should there be a separation between A.P./Regents level courses? Why or why not? Should there be trade programs in school ( Cosmo, Auto, Culinary, etc)? Should the military recruit in schools? 16

A Tale of Two Schools (New York Times - 2014) http://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2014/05/04/magazine/tale-of-two-schools.html

The Correspondence Principle: how schools mirror society Capitalism Promotes Competition Social Inequality Unequal funding for schools Racial-ethnic prejudice Minorities funneled into job training programs which are not academically based Need for submissive workers Make students submissive to authority Need for dependable workers Promote punctuality in attendance and homework 18

Harlem Children’s Zone part 1: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Di0-xN6xc_w 19

Little Rock: 50 Years Later:

Interactionist Perspective Describe the ways in which a teacher treats you (either good, bad, or indifferent) impacts how you do in school (if at all). Study classroom interaction. They study how teacher expectations cause a self-fulfilling prophecy, producing the very behavior that the teacher is expecting.

Table 2: ‘Average students’ sat in between tables 1 & 3 Teacher Table 1: Mrs. Caplow assigned those she considered to be ‘fast learners’ They sat closest to her in the front - came from better social classes Table 2: ‘Average students’ sat in between tables 1 & 3 Table 3: ‘Poor Students’ - lower social classes, less expectations, sat in the back of the room. Rist continued the study through the next several years and found that the labels assigned to the students on the eighth day of kindergarten followed them throughout their schooling. 22

The Rosenthal/Jacobson Experiment: Teacher Expectation Predicted that, when given the information that certain students had higher IQ’s than others, elementary school teachers may unconsciously behave in ways that facilitate and encourage (or discourage) the students' success Those labeled as ‘spurters’ made more progress because teachers expected them to, and encouraged them more 23