DNA/RNA/Protein Synthesis Replication Cell Division DNA/RNA/Protein Synthesis

Griffith thought smooth bacteria produced a poison Griffith thought smooth bacteria produced a poison. He injected mice with heat killed smooth (bad) bacteria with alive rough (good) bacteria. Some “factor” caused good bacteria to change into bad disease causing bacteria. This is called: TRANSFORMATION! Griffith “F” for failing to find genetic material! But… He found TRANSFORMATION

Avery Avery got an “A” for finding DNA as the transformation “factor” through testing carbs, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids

Rosalind Franklin Used X-rays to determine DNA was a twisted double helix.

Created the first model of the DNA and was awarded the Nobel Prize Watson & Crick Double Helix DNA Model

Real Picture of a Bacteriophage Hershey & Chase Bacteriophages (viruses) that chase after bacteria to inject their DNA for infection and replication. DNA Real Picture of a Bacteriophage

CHARGAFF Chargaff’s Rules of BASE PAIRING! Found: % of Adenine = % Thymine % Cytosine = % Guanine

Hint: Cystine and Thymine have “y” in their names like Pyrimidine Hint: You “Pee Urine” (Purine) in an outhouse attached to the main house Hint: Cystine and Thymine have “y” in their names like Pyrimidine House Out-house REMEMBER: URACIL IS ALSO A PYRIMIDINE

DeoxyriboNucleic Acid What does DNA stand for ? DeoxyriboNucleic Acid

DOUBLE HELIX What is the shape of the DNA molecule called? 2 sides like a ladder

DNA carries the genetic code to make proteins from amino acids What is DNA’s function? CODE FOR ALL LIVING THINGS!!!

What is the name of the sugar that is in DNA (nucleotide)? Deoxyribose

What is the difference between the DNA in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes? Cytoplasm

What are the specific structures that carry the genetic code found in the nucleus? Chromosomes

Name the 3 parts of a DNA nucleotide (building block = monomer)

Why is DNA Replication (making a copy of the original DNA) important? Must have 2 identical strands of DNA Cell Division!

(S phase of cell cycle) What are the steps of DNA Replication? DNA unzips DNA Polymerase (enzyme) attaches to the DNA and adds complimentary bases (A,T,C,G) to make new sides of DNA Then, DNA Polymerase checks and edits the new side to make sure the proper nitrogen bases are added. Two identical strands of DNA are created Each with one orig. side + one new side 2 new DNA Strands

C G G T A T G A T Original strand G C C A T A C T A New strand What are the complimentary bases for the new DNA strand after replication? C G G T A T G A T Original strand l l l l l l l l l G C C A T A C T A New strand Hydrogen Bonds What bond holds the nitrogen bases together to form the “steps of the ladder”?

Protein that DNA wraps around to coil up Histone

Clusters of Histones with DNA wrapped around them. What is a Nucleosome? Clusters of Histones with DNA wrapped around them.

Strawberry DNA Extraction Lab Why did we use… Soap: Breaks down cell and nucleus lipid membranes Salt: Neutralizes (+) and (-) charges Meat tenderizer: Breaks down the protein (Histones) that DNA wraps around Cold alcohol: Precipitates out DNA

What does RNA stand for ? Ribonucleic Acid

RNA Uracil base Hint: RNA loves “U” (Pyrimidine)

mRNA- messenger RNA - brings genetic code for proteins out of DNA to ribosome (like a recipe) tRNA – transfer RNA - brings amino acids to ribosomes (like a sous chef bringing ingredients to chef) rRNA – ribosomal RNA- (Ribosome) makes the protein (like the chef) tRNA rRNA mRNA

List 3 Similarities and 3 Differences MUST KNOW THIS! DNA RNA Similarities Both are Nucleic Acids Sugar - Phosphate Backbones A, C, G nitrogen Bases Differences Deoxyribose Sugar Ribose Sugar Thymine base Uracil base Double Helix Single Strand

What is the purpose of RNA? To make PROTEINS!!!

Where is RNA found? CYTOPLASM

What is the whole process of making proteins that includes transcription & translation called? DNA → RNA → PROTEIN PROTEIN SYNTHESIS

DNA → RNA is called… “TRANSCRIPTION” In the NUCLEUS, DNA unzips RNA Polymerase binds to DNA RNA Polymerase reads DNA’s nitrogen bases and makes and edits mRNA mRNA goes out to cytoplasm through the nuclear pores

RNA Polymerase edits the mRNA during transcription

RNA → Protein is called… “TRANSLATION” (comes LATer) In the CYTOPLASM, rRNA attaches to mRNA rRNA reads mRNA beginning at the AUG “START codon” Each tRNA brings 1 amino acid to ribosome that has an anti-codon to mRNA codon until it reads a “STOP” codon Amino acids join to form polypeptide (amino acid) chain which is PROTEIN

What is the 3 nitrogen base code on the mRNA called? Codon 3 Nitrogen bases = 1 Codon 1 Codon codes for 1 Amino Acid

Each tRNA brings 1 amino acid to the ribosome What is the 3 base code on the tRNA that matches with the codon on mRNA? tRNA Anticodon Each tRNA brings 1 amino acid to the ribosome 1 Codon = 1 Amino Acid 3 Nitrogen bases = 1 Codon

How many different amino acids are there? 20 How many different codons code for those amino acids? 64

Can you Translate this? A U G U G C G U C U A A

Can you Translate this mRNA ? A U G U G C G U C U A A

Only if you have a codon wheel!

Change in nucleotide sequence (A,T,C or G) What is a gene mutation? Change in nucleotide sequence (A,T,C or G)

GENE MUTATIONS Name each type What kind of DNA mutations are these? GENE MUTATIONS Name each type Substitution (Point Mutation) Insertion (Frame shift) Deletion (Frame shift) Substitution Point Mutation Insertion Frame shift Mutation Deletion Frame shift Mutation

Types of Chromosomal Mutations

Picture shows a gene mutation in mice Which one of these is not a gene mutation? Substitution Deletion Insertion Inversion Picture shows a gene mutation in mice

What genes control the basic body plan for where tissues and organs go in an embryo (organism)? Hox Genes

A U C C G A G C U U G A mRNA Challenge: This is a strand of mRNA. Can you figure out the piece of DNA that this came from???? mRNA A U C C G A G C U U G A

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