Lecture Eleven： Automobile Insurance

Learning Objective Know the brief history and status of auto insurance in the world Describe the liability coverage under the Personal Auto Policy (PAP) Explain the medical payments coverage Describe the uninsured motorists coverage Explain the coverage for damage to your auto Explain the duties imposed on the insured after an accident or loss The status of auto insurance in Chinese market

Main Contents Brief introduction to the history of auto insurance from global perspective Liability Coverage of Personal Auto Policy (PAP) in USA Medical Payments Coverage Uninsured Motorists Coverage Coverage for Damage to Your Auto Duties after an Accident or Loss General Provisions

History and Status of Auto Insurance in the World The Automobile Insurance ( shorted as auto insurance) came into being in late 19th century on the basis of ocean marine insurance, fire insurance, theft insurance. UK was the first country established auto in 1896. USA is the No.1 in auto insurance in the world. Japan is the No.2. UK is the No.3.

Auto Insurance in U.S. In 1898, the first auto liability insurance policy was established in U.S. In 1899, auto property loss insurance policy (physical damage coverage on atuo) came into being. In 1902, vehicle insurance came into being.

Auto Insurance in U.S. In 2000, the total premium of auto insurance was $136 billion, covering 45.12% of the property insurance.

Highlights: Auto insurance in 2000 in U.S. (billion) Percentage Net Written Premium 136 45.12% of the total amount of property insurance auto liability coverage property loss coverage 82 54 60.3% 39.7% Combined Ratio Net loss claim Operation expenses 105.4% 79.3% 26.1%

Brief introduction to PAP in U.S. The Personal Auto Policy (PAP) PAP was introduced in 1997 and has been revised several times. The following discussion is based on the latest 1998 edition of the PAP.

Brief introduction to PAP Eligible Vehicles four-wheel motor vehicle owned by the insured or leased by the insured for at least six continuous months. Not apply to incidental use of vehicle Ranching or farming

Brief introduction to PAP The PAP consists of a declarations page, a definitions page, and the following six parts: Part A: Liability Coverage Part B: Medical Payments Coverage Part C: Uninsured Motorists Coverage Part D: Coverage for Damage to Your Auto Part E: Duties after an Accident or Loss Part F: General Provisions

Part A：Liability Coverage Insuring agreement Insured persons Supplement payments Exclusion

Part A：Liability Coverage Insuring agreement the insurer agrees to pay any damages for bodily injury or property damage for which an insured is legally responsible because of an auto accident Split limits $250,000/$500,000/$00,000 a single limit $500,000 The amount paid includes: loss+ defense costs+ interest

Part A：Liability Coverage Insured Persons The following four groups are insured under the liability section of the PAP: the named insured and resident family members any other person using the named insured’s covered auto with permission any person or organization legally responsible for the acts of a covered person any person or organization legally responsible for the named insured’s or family members’ use of any auto or trailer

Part A：Liability Coverage Supplementary Payments In addition to the policy limits and a legal defense, certain supplementary payments can be paid Up to $250 for the cost of a bail bond Premiums on appeal bonds and bonds to release attachments Interest accruing after a judgment Up to $200 daily for the loss of earnings Other reasonable expenses

Part A：Liability Coverage Exclusions Intentional injury or damage Property owned or transported Property rented, used, or in the insured’s care. Bodily injury to an employee （Why？） Use as a public or livery conveyance Vehicle used in the automobile business. Other business vehicles（Why？） Using a vehicle without reasonable belief of permission. Nuclear energy exclusion Vehicle with fewer than four wheels Vehicle furnished or made available for the named insured’s regular use（non-owned vehicle Vehicle owned by, furnished, or made available for the regular use of any family member Racing vehicle.

Part A：Liability Coverage Other insurance If more than one liability policy covers a loss, PAP has a provision for determining the amount and priority of payments: Pro rata share the loss Example: (P100)

Primary and excess insurance (Pro rata share of loss) Ken is the named insured and borrows Karen’s car with her permission. Both policies will cover any loss. Ken has $50,000 of liability insurance and Karen has $100,000. Ken negligently injures another motorist and must pay damages of $125,000. The rule is that insurance on the borrowed car is primary, and other insurance is excess. Each company pays as follows: Karen’s insurer (primary) $100,000 Ken’s insurer (excess) 25,000 Total $125,000 Karen’s insurer pays $100,000 while Ken’s insurer pays the remaining $25,000.

Part B：Medical Payments Coverage Insuring agreement Insured persons Exclusion Other insurance

Part B： Medical Payments Coverage Insuring agreement The insurer agrees to pay all reasonable medical and funeral expenses incurred by an insured for services rendered within three years from the date of the accident Covered expenses include medical, surgical, X-ray, dental, and funeral expenses Not based on fault Medical payments can be paid to the insured and the passengers in the car

Part B： Medical Payments Coverage Insured Persons Named insured and family members Other persons while occupying the covered auto

Part B： Medical Payments Coverage Exclusions Motorized vehicle with fewer than four wheels Public or livery conveyance Using the vehicle as a residence Injury occurring during course of employment Vehicle furnished or made available for the named insured’s regular use Vehicle furnished or made available for the regular use of any family member Using a vehicle without a reasonable belief of permission Vehicle used in the business of an insured Nuclear weapon, radiation, or war Racing vehicle

Part B： Medical Payments Coverage Other insurance If other automobile medical payments insurance applies to an owned vehicle, the insurer pays its pro rata share of the loss based on the proportion that its limits bear to the total applicable limits. Example: (P101)

Part C：Uninsured Motorists Coverage The uninsured motorists coverage pays for the bodily injury (and property damage in some states) caused by an uninsured motorist, by a hit-and-run driver, or by a negligent driver whose insurance company is insolvent. Insuring agreement Insured persons Exclusion Other insurance

Part C： Uninsured Motorists Coverage Insuring agreement The insurer agrees to pay compensatory damages that an insured is legally entitled to receive from the owner or operator of an uninsured motor vehicle Damages include medical bills, lost wages, and compensation for a permanent disfigurement resulting from the accident Some conditions must be met

Part C： Uninsured Motorists Coverage Insured Persons the named insured and his or her family members any other person occupying a covered auto any person legally entitled to recover damages

Part C： Uninsured Motorists Coverage Exclusions No uninsured motorists coverage on vehicle (owned by that insured) Primary coverage under another policy (family members occupying a vehicle are not covered) Settling a claim without the insurer’s consent Using the vehicle as a public or livery conveyance. No reasonable belief of permission. No benefit to workers compensation insurer No punitive damages

Part C： Uninsured Motorists Coverage Other insurance When more than one uninsured motorist coverage provision applies to the loss Textbook P103

Part D：Coverage for Damage to Your Auto Part D provides coverage for the damage or theft of an automobile Insuring agreement Transportation expenses Exclusion Limit of liability Payment of loss

Part D：Coverage for Damage to Your Auto Insuring agreement The insurer agrees to pay for any direct and accidental loss to a covered auto or nonowned auto, including its equipment, less any deductible Two optional coverages are available： collision coverage other-than-collision coverage (also called comprehensive）

Part D：Coverage for Damage to Your Auto Collision Loss Collision is defined as the upset of your covered auto or nonowned auto or its impact with another vehicle or object （including your car lose control, hits another car or building, damage from parking ) Other-Than-Collision Loss loss from any of the following perils is considered to be an other-than-collision loss: Missiles or falling objects Fire Theft or larceny Explosion or earthquake Windstorm，hail, water, or flood Malicious mischief or vandalism Contact with a bird or animal Glass breakage

Part D：Coverage for Damage to Your Auto Deductible Both the collision coverage and other-than-collision losses is written with direct deductibles ($250 or higher amount) The purpose of deductibles： reduce small claims Hold down premiums Encourage the insured to be careful in protecting the car

Part D：Coverage for Damage to Your Auto Transportation Expenses Part D also pays for temporary transportation expenses, up to $20 daily to a maximum $600 due to loss of covered auto.

Part D：Coverage for Damage to Your Auto Exclusions Use as a public or livery conveyance. Damage from wear and tear, freezing, and mechanical or electrical breakdown Radioactive contamination or war Electronic equipment designed for the reproduction of sound Other electronic equipment Tapes, records, and discs Government destruction or confiscation Trailer, camper body, or motor home Loss to a nonowned auto used without reasonable belief of permission Radar detection equipment Custom furnishings or equipment Nonowned auto used in the automobile business Racing vehicle Rental car

Part D：Coverage for Damage to Your Auto Limit of liability The amount paid for a physical damage loss to a covered vehicle is the lower of ： actual cash value of the damaged or stolen property, or amount necessary to replace the property with other property of like kind an quality In practice, insurers declare a total loss if the estimated cost of repairs and salvage value exceed the value of the car.

Three terms: Betterment Diminution in value Gap insurance

Part D：Coverage for Damage to Your Auto Payment of loss The insurer has the option to pay for a physical damage loss in money, or repairing, or replacing the damaged or stolen vehicles.

Part D：Coverage for Damage to Your Auto Other source of recovery If other insurance covers a physical damage loss, the insurer pays only its pro rata share. Any physical damage insurance on the borrowed car is primary, and your physical damage insurance is excess.

Part E：Duties After an Accident or Loss what to do if an insured driver has an accident or loss? determine if anyone is hurt, save the injured, and notify the police give the other driver your name, address, and the name of your agent and insurer and request the same information from him or her get the name and address of any witnesses Send to the insurer copies of any legal papers or notices Submit a proof of loss at the insurer’s request

Part F：General Provisions Policy period and territory Termination

Part F：General Provisions Policy period and territory The PAP provides coverage only in the United States, its territories or possessions, Puerto Rico, and Canada.

Part F：General Provisions Termination An important provision applies to termination of the insurance by either the insured to insurer. There are four parts to this provision: Cancellation Nonrenewal Automatic Termination Other Termination Provision

Part F：General Provisions Cancellation The named insrued can cancel at any time by returning the policy to the insurer or by giving advance written notice. The insurer also has the right of cancellation.

Part F：General Provisions Nonrenewal The insurer may decide not to renew the policy when it comes up for renewal, and giving notice to the named insured at least 20 days before.

Part F：General Provisions Automatic Termination If the insurer decides to renew the policy, an automatic termination provision becomes effective.

Part F：General Provisions Other Termination Provision Many states place additional restrictions on the insurer’s right to cancel or not renew.

Insuring Motorcycles and Other Vehicles The PAP excludes coverage for motorcycles, mopeds, and similar vehicles. You should be aware of several points if the miscellaneous-type vehicle endorsement is added to the PAP.

Insuring Motorcycles and Other Vehicles First, the liability coverage does not apply to a nonowned vehicle. Second, a passenger hazard exclusion can be elected, which excludes liability for bodily injury to any passenger on the motorcycle. Finally, the amount paid for any physical damage losses to the motorcycle is limited to the lowest

Insuring Motorcycles and Other Vehicles A miscellaneous-type vehicle endorsement can be added to the PAP to insure motorcycles, mopeds, and motor homes, etc.

Summary The personal auto insurance policy (PAP) consists of a declarations page, a definitions page, and six major parts: Part A (liability coverage), Part B (medical payments coverage), Part C (Uninsured motorists coverage), Part D (coverage for damage to your auto), Part E (duties after an accident or loss), and Part F (genera provisions) Liability coverage protests the insured from bodily injury and property damage liability arising out of the auto accident. Medical payment coverage pays all reasonable medical , dental, and funeral expenses incurred by an insured person. Uninsured motorists coverage pays for the bodily injury of a covered person caused by an uninsured motorist, a hit-and-run driver, or a negligent driver whose insurer in insolvent.

Review Questions 1. Describe the major coverage that is found in the PAP. 2. Who are the persons insured for liability coverage under the PAP? 3. If you drive a non-owned auto an damage it, will your PAP pay for the damage? Explain. 4. Who are the persons insured for medical payments coverage under PAP? 5. Explain the major features of the uninsured motorists coverage in the PAP. 6. Describe the insuring agreement under coverage for damage to your auto in the PAP? 7. Explain the duties imposed on the insured after an accident or loss occurs.

Review Questions &Case Application

Search For Information 资料查询： 当前我国我国汽车保险的险别、承保风险责任、除外责任及保险金额。 现实问题思考： 我国汽车保险市场存在哪些问题？问题根源是什么？如何改良？

Preview Readings : Text: Fundamentals of Life Insurance; Types of Life Insurance (P310-322; P329-344) Assignments /Questions