Hoyt Sector Model and Harris and Ullman -Multiple nuclei Model By: Alex Gallegos

Hoyt Sector Model Developed in 1939 by land economist Homer Hoyt Hoyt proposed the idea that towns grew as sectors or wedges. As the town grew, so would the area of industry and therefore would grow out in a wedge shape.

Hoyt Model

A –The Central Business District (CBD) This area contains shops, offices, banks, and etc Land is very expensive, and the area has very high rents and as a result multi storey buildings are common There is very little space and competition is high

B1- Zone of Transition (Twilight zone) This contains old industries that have been positioned in this zone for many years Over the past couple of years, the industry’s in this section have been non-profitable and are now closed. This has led to high-unemployment

B2- Low class residential housing This group is made up of old 19th century buildings arranged in grid iron street patterns, with no gardens. Often referred to as “slums”, they were the buildings that were knocked down in the 1960’s to be replaced with high rise flats The poorest people in the settlement live here, but is now highly admired and this is due to gentrification

C- Council Estates Semi-detached housing is found here Less expensive private estates can be found in this section Often described as "medium class residential“ area

D - Commuter Zone (suburbs) This section has high class residential areas with private and quality housing can also be found There is often big garages, big gardens, and many out buildings can be found here Called the “commuter zone” as it is expected that most members of the community live in the zone furthest away from the center as they can afford the transport costs to the center for access to services and employment

E - Countryside Areas In the countryside, it surrounds the urban area and it’s for those seeking to escape from the urban area and to live in pleasant surroundings The people who live in this sector, are still able to get to work Many satellite villages and towns surround major urban areas, allowing people to live further away from the main settlement

Harris and Ullman Multiple nuclei Model The model was made by C.D. Harris and Edward L. Ullman Harris and Ullman put their model in the article “The Nature of Cities” The model describes the layout of a city

Harris and Ullman Model

Multiple nuclei Model Principles The Model is based on four principles Certain activities require highly specialized facilities Certain activities cluster because they profit from mutual association Certain activities repel each other and will not be found in the same area Certain activities could not make a profit if they paid the high rent of the most desirable locations