THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION

Turning Point in History Between 1750-1900 the focus of rural life in many nations and societies began to change. By 1850 many rural nations, towns, and cities had become large cities because of the Industrial Revolution. (I.R.)

Factors Behind the Industrial Revolution 1. an Agricultural Revolution going on at the same time 2. A Population Explosion 3. New Technology

Agricultural Revolution This was a time period of new advances and methods in farming. Crop Rotation Seed Drill Selective Breeding Draining Enclosure movement Fenced in farms

Agricultural Revolution A British man named Charles Townshend urged farmers to plant turnips. He found that the turnips helped to put nutrients back into the soil, making it more productive. Jethro Tull, not the band, invented the seed drill. This helped farmers plant their crops more quickly and more efficiently in rows instead of spreading them wastefully over the land. Cornelius Vermuyden, Dutch engineer, developed drainage to reclaim flooded lands Robert Bakewell: selective breeding

Agricultural Revolution All of the new advances in farming did have some negative side effects…what? Because of technology it did not take as many people to work on a farm, which meant people lost their jobs. The new technology was also very expensive and many small farms could not afford it and so they were unable to keep up with the production of the larger farms.

Population Explosion What is the difference between an explosion and a rise in population? The dramatic explosion in population was more of an effect of a declining death rate than of an increasing birth rate. People were living longer and this was causing the dramatic rise in population. Reasons for longer life: 1. better hygiene and sanitation 2. better farming means more food and less starvation 3. many medical advances The population of Europe went from 120 million in 1700 to 190 million by 1800

GB in the LEAD The Industrial Revolution began in Great Britain. Had essential elements for economic success Factors of production Land (natural resources) Labor (people power) Capital (physical & human)

Britain as the Leader Great Britain was the leading country during the I.R. Reasons: 1. resources- they had a large supply of natural resources that helped supply the needs of I.R. Coal and iron were major resources found in G.B. 2. new technology- G.B. had many new skilled workers that were able to create, work on, and use the new machines and inventions of the I.R. Where did many of these workers come from?

Britain as the Leader 3. Good Economy- the economy of G.B. was strong enough to support all of the new industries and business. There were also many people willing to get involved in business by investing their money. Money invested in a business is called capital. 4. Political and Social Conditions- there was a long span of stable government and political conditions which helped the I.R. thrive in Great Britain. Where could this have not happened?

New Technology The creation of and use of energy was a major advance during this time period. The main new source of energy was coal that would be used to produce steam. In 1712 Thomas Newcomen invented the steam engine. James Watt would later improve this engine and it would be the most widely used machine of the I.R. Steam quickly became the main power source of the industrial revolution. Abraham Darby used coal to smelt iron, or separate iron from its ore. This would greatly help the railroad industry in the future. http://www.dcs.exeter.ac.uk/water/newcomen.htm

The First Factories The first industry that the I.R. had a major effect on was the textile industry. Before the I.R. most goods were produced in the Home System (Putting out System). This is when the steps of production are done in separate locations, usually at homes. During the I.R. the Factory System became widely used. The Factory System brought all steps of production underneath the same building. This helped to make production faster and cheaper.

Inventors of the Textile Industry John Kay – Flying Shuttle James Hargreaves-Spinning Jenny Richard Arkwright-Waterframe

A Moving Revolution Advances in transportation were also coming about during this time period. Many entrepreneurs, or people wanting to start their own business, saw a need and an opportunity to make some money. Business needed good roads and routes of transportation from their factories to the market. Entrepreneurs would get together and create a turnpike, or as we know it a toll road. This road made it quicker and easier for business to move their products

A Moving Revolution The biggest revolution in transportation was the steam powered locomotive. The locomotive could be powered by steam and could go anywhere as long as rails had been constructed for it to travel on. The locomotives were faster and bigger than every other mode of transportation at the time. George Stephenson was the first person to use a locomotive for the transportation of goods. The first locomotive to carry people ran from Liverpool to Manchester. In 1807 Robert Fulton invented the Clermont, the first steam powered ship.

The I.R. City The I.R. brought about the first major urbanization movement in the world. Turnpikes, canals, roads, dams, bridges, trains, steamboats, and more revolutionized transportation. Urbanization is the movement of large number of people from rural to urban places. Why would they move to the city? Many people moved to the city because that is where the jobs were. Most I.R. cities could be divided into 3 groups of people; the working class and the management (Wealthy and Middle Class). The management often lived in areas outside the city called suburbs. Their houses were normally well built and had many luxuries. Many people in the working class did not have it so good.

Tenement Homes Most of the poor working class lived in tenement homes. These “homes” were large high rise buildings divided into small houses that were lived in by more than one family. Many tenement homes had no running water, no sewage control, little ventilation, and disease, and very unhealthy living conditions.

http://www.tenement.org/Virtual_Tour/index_virtual.html

Inside the Factory The center of attention and activity for almost every I.R. city was the factory(s) that were in the city. Shifts for workers in the factory would often last from 12-16 hours per day, children were no exception. Safety devices on machines cost money, and many times the owners did not want to pay to have them put on, so the work was often dangerous. If a worker got hurt or sick he/she was still expected to show up and work. If not they were often fired. Women were welcome, and often preferred, because factory bosses thought they were easier to control and tell what to do AND the women could be paid less! Children were also welcome to work in the factories. Because of their size they were able to fix small parts and do other jobs adults could not AND they could be paid less.

Inside the Factory Why would a family allow their young children to work like that? The family often needed the money that the children would bring in. Many times factory owners would pay orphanges for children that would then become property of the factory. In the 1830’s governments throughout the world began to change the child labor laws in an effort to protect children.

Working Class Protests began to spring up from people who resisted the new labor saving machines. People who went around burning factories and smashing machines were called Luddites. Many found comfort in a new religious movement called Methodism. John Wesley founded the Methodist Church. Labor Unions – Won the right to bargain with employers for better wages

The New Middle Class The people that were factory owners, managers, merchants, store owners, began to form the new middle class. This new social class lived in conditions and had luxuries much better than those of the workers. Because of the hard work those in the middle class claimed they did to get to where they were the middle class had little sympathy for the poor. Often times the middle class would blame the poor for being too “lazy” to better their lives.

New Ways of Thinking During the I.R. new ways of thinking and new thoughts came along with the new inventions. 1. Adam Smith= created the idea of Laissez Faire economics. This meant the government would take a “hands off” approach to the economy. He told of his ideas in the book The Wealth of Nations.

New Ways of Thinking 2. Jeremy Bentham and a group of thinkers came up with the idea of utilitarianism. This idea said the goal of society should be to create the greatest happiness for the largest number of citizens. He said that all of society’s laws should be based upon their utility, or do they cause more pleasure than pain.

New Ways of Thinking 3. David Ricardo- an economist that wrote the book The Iron Law of Wages. In the book he said that as population goes up the wages of workers goes down. As population decreases the wages of workers go up. 4. Thomas Malthus predicted that population would outpace the food supply. Checks on the population growth were war, disease, and famine he said.

Socialism Some people believed in the economics of Socialism. Socialism – The people as a whole rather than private individuals would own and operate the means of production.

Communism Karl Marx was a journalist who was kicked out of Germany because of his radical ideas. He moved to France where he met a man named Fredrich Engels. Marx and Engles both were upset by the growing gap between the rich and the poor. They wrote down their ideas in a book called the Communist Manifesto. Communism – A form of socialism that sees class struggle between employers and employees as unavoidable.

Karl Marx

Communism In the book Marx divided up society into 2 groups, the haves and the have not's. The book said that the driving force behind history was economics. Marx said that it was a struggle between the social classes. The idea was that the “haves” control the factories and production and receive all of the benefits. The “have not's” or proletariat, also known as the working class, get little. Marx theorized that eventually the proletariat would rise up and create a classless society. Today there are only 2 countries that practice this idea of a classless society : China and Cuba