Social and economic measures of development Development indicators help to tell us what life is like for people in different countries. Case Study LIC or NEE: Nigeria (NEE) is experiencing rapid economic growth HIC: UK’s changing employment patterns and regional growth Impact of TNCs Unilever manufacture soap using Nigerian palm oil, employing 1500 people. All palm oil comes from sustainable sources. Company supports education and healthcare projects Shell Oil mine for oil, but are blamed for causing water and air pollution Impacts of Aid Aid isn’t always used effectively because of corruption in the government e.g. money is used to supply the Navy Donors may have political influence over who does and doesn’t benefit UK successfully funded health and HIV schemes in rural areas, improving life expectancy and reducing infection rates. Life expectancy has increased from 46 years in 1990 to 62 today. Access to clean water has increased from 34% to 68%. Economic growth has benefitted many people in Nigeria, although there have been environmental problems. Changing jobs Fewer people work in primary (farming) jobs and more in tertiary (service) jobs than before the industrial revolution. In the last 30 years there has been a growth in professional and technical jobs and a decline in unskilled and labouring jobs. This is because of the closure of factories (deindustrialisation) because it is cheaper to buy goods from abroad, where wages are lower, as transport technology improves. Differences in Regional Growth North / South divide – education, health and income is lower in the north where traditional primary industries e.g. coal mining employed millions in the past, but not now Remote rural places like the Outer Hebrides have falling populations because of a lack of transport and jobs whereas South Cambridgeshire is gaining because it is closer to London. Commuter villages develop in the rural areas around London because transport into the city is good. Social Indicators (people and their lives) Economic Indicators (jobs and money) Life expectancy – the average number of years someone lives Birth rate – the number of live births per 1000 people Adult literacy rate – the percentage of the population that can read and write Gross National Income (GNI) Total value of all products made in a country, plus their income from other countries e.g. taxes Unemployment - the percentage of people without a job who are of working age What is the Human Development Index? Combines life expectancy, education and GNI data into one measure. More reliable as an indicator because it measures social and economic indicators. What is the Demographic Transition Model and how does it link to levels of development? The DTM is a graph which shows birth rates, death rates and total population over time. There are five stages. The least developed (LIC) are in stage 1 and 2 and the most developed (HIC) in stage 4 or 5. Stage 3 would represent a NEE. Stage 1 – high BR and DR as no medical care Stage 2 –basic medical care Stage 3 – more contraception and women start to work Stage 4 – BR and DR low Stage 5 – lifestyles are bad and women can’t afford time off work for children Why is development uneven? Historical – civil war, colonialism Physical – natural disasters or extreme climate Economic – raw materials are low value What is the Development Gap and how can it be reduced? The difference in levels of development between the richest and poorest countries. Strategies to reduce it: Aid – emergency supplies given after a disaster on long term support e.g. school building from a foreign country Debt Relief – richer countries wipe out the debt of poorer ones, sometimes in exchange for protecting tropical rainforests Intermediate Technology – supplying water pumps or simple technology to improve lives Fair Trade – agree a fair price with farmers for raw materials Science Park – cluster of knowledge based businesses on one site sometimes sharing ideas, and facilities. Business Park – an area of land occupied by a cluster of businesses e.g. banking

Social and economic measures of development Development indicators help to tell us what life is like for people in different countries. Case Study LIC or NEE: Nigeria (NEE) is experiencing rapid economic growth HIC: UK’s changing employment patterns and regional growth Impact of TNCs Unilever manufacture soap using Nigerian palm oil, employing 1500 people. Shell Oil mine for oil, but are blamed for causing water and air pollution Impacts of Aid Aid isn’t always used effectively because of corruption in the government UK successfully funded health and HIV schemes in rural areas, improving life expectancy and reducing infection rates. Economic growth has benefitted many people in Nigeria because Life expectancy has increased from 46 years in 1990 to 62 today. Although there have been environmental problems. Changing jobs Fewer people work in primary (farming) jobs and more in tertiary (service) jobs than before the industrial revolution. In the last 30 years there has been a growth in professional and technical jobs and a decline in unskilled and labouring jobs. This is because of the closure of factories Differences in Regional Growth North / South divide – education, health and income is lower in the north where traditional primary industries e.g. coal mining employed millions in the past Outer Hebrides have falling populations because of a lack of transport and jobs South Cambridgeshire is gaining population because it is closer to London and transport into the city is good. Social Indicators (people and their lives) Economic Indicators (jobs and money) Life expectancy – the average number of years someone lives Birth rate – the number of live births per 1000 people Gross National Income (GNI) Total value of all products made in a country, plus their income from other countries e.g. taxes Unemployment - the percentage of people without a job who are of working age What is the Human Development Index? Combines life expectancy, education and GNI data into one measure. What is the Demographic Transition Model and how does it link to levels of development? The DTM is a graph which shows birth rates, death rates and total population over time. Stage 1 – high BR and DR as no medical care Stage 2 –basic medical care Stage 3 – more contraception and women start to work Stage 4 – BR and DR low Stage 5 – lifestyles are bad and women can’t afford time off work for children Why is development uneven? Historical – civil war, colonialism Physical – natural disasters or extreme climate Economic – raw materials are low value What is the Development Gap and how can it be reduced? The difference in levels of development between the richest and poorest countries. Strategies to reduce it: Aid – emergency supplies given after a disaster on long term support e.g. school building from a foreign country Debt Relief – richer countries wipe out the debt of poorer ones, sometimes in exchange for protecting tropical rainforests Intermediate Technology – supplying water pumps or simple technology to improve lives Fair Trade – agree a fair price with farmers for raw materials Science Park – cluster of knowledge based businesses on one site sometimes sharing ideas, and facilities. Business Park – an area of land occupied by a cluster of businesses e.g. banking