Veterinary Pediatrics of Butterflies, Moths, and Other Invertebrates Thomas C.. Emmel, PhD  Veterinary Clinics: Exotic Animal Practice  Volume 15, Issue 2, Pages 279-288 (May 2012) DOI: 10.1016/j.cvex.2012.02.003 Copyright © 2012 Elsevier Inc. Terms and Conditions

Fig. 1 The healthy, mature caterpillar of the Monarch butterfly (Danaus plexippus) will evidence a firm (taut) integument and extended front and rear tentacles, feeding every hour or so. A larva infected with pathologic virus or bacteria will have a flaccid skin and drooping tentacles, and may expel (via anus and mouth) a green liquid. Veterinary Clinics: Exotic Animal Practice 2012 15, 279-288DOI: (10.1016/j.cvex.2012.02.003) Copyright © 2012 Elsevier Inc. Terms and Conditions

Fig. 2 During the first 8 days of the pupal stage of the Monarch butterfly, the ground color is a bright green, with gold spots and black trimming. The pupa is plump and firm to the touch. If any parasitic wasp or fly larvae are inside, the pupal shell will collapse during this period and turn black (but with no adult wings visible). Veterinary Clinics: Exotic Animal Practice 2012 15, 279-288DOI: (10.1016/j.cvex.2012.02.003) Copyright © 2012 Elsevier Inc. Terms and Conditions

Fig. 3 In the penultimate day (normally day 9) of the pupal stage, a healthy Monarch pupa turns reddish brown, with black lines, where the miniature adult wings are developing on the sides of the front three-quarters of the pupa. Veterinary Clinics: Exotic Animal Practice 2012 15, 279-288DOI: (10.1016/j.cvex.2012.02.003) Copyright © 2012 Elsevier Inc. Terms and Conditions

Fig. 4 On the last day (normally day 10) of the Monarch's pupal stay, the entire pupal shell becomes transparent (crystal-clear) and every structure of the developed adult can be seen, before the pupal sutures split apart and the adult emerges to expand and then harden its soft wings and body. Veterinary Clinics: Exotic Animal Practice 2012 15, 279-288DOI: (10.1016/j.cvex.2012.02.003) Copyright © 2012 Elsevier Inc. Terms and Conditions

Fig. 5 The healthy adult Monarch butterfly on a Pentas flower, drinking nectar. Veterinary Clinics: Exotic Animal Practice 2012 15, 279-288DOI: (10.1016/j.cvex.2012.02.003) Copyright © 2012 Elsevier Inc. Terms and Conditions

Fig. 6 The adult Monarch after 3 months of life in the Butterfly Rainforest at the Florida Museum of Natural History, showing a minor amount of normal wing wear from flying daily in and out of vegetation. Veterinary Clinics: Exotic Animal Practice 2012 15, 279-288DOI: (10.1016/j.cvex.2012.02.003) Copyright © 2012 Elsevier Inc. Terms and Conditions

Fig. 7 A Longwing butterfly, Heliconius erato, commonly exhibited in butterfly display houses for the public. Adults live up to 5 to 6 months in such a protected environment, and the eggs, larvae, and pupae are rarely afflicted by disease. Hence, all the species of the genus Heliconius tend to be popular choices for display. Veterinary Clinics: Exotic Animal Practice 2012 15, 279-288DOI: (10.1016/j.cvex.2012.02.003) Copyright © 2012 Elsevier Inc. Terms and Conditions

Fig. 8 The Asian leaf butterfly, Kallima inachis, is brilliant blue and orange on the upper surface but looks like a perfect dead leaf when the wings are folded and only the underside is exposed to view. Veterinary Clinics: Exotic Animal Practice 2012 15, 279-288DOI: (10.1016/j.cvex.2012.02.003) Copyright © 2012 Elsevier Inc. Terms and Conditions