Unit 4 Review Ligament, Joint & Nerve Injuries Physical Activity Mechanical Forces Fractures HOPS SOAP Tissue Healing

Evaluation & Assessment Athletic Injury Terminology Fracture

Inflammatory Response Phase Once tissue is injured, the healing process begins immediately This phase is characterized by: Redness Swelling Tenderness/Pain Increased Temperature of tissue Loss of function This phase of healing is CRITICAL to the entire process of healing. If this response does not accomplish what it is supposed to do, normal healing cannot take place.

A wide receiver is hit over the lateral aspect of his knee & driven out of bounds by a defensive back. He complains of pain over the medial aspect of his knee. Shearing

Evaluation & Assessment Athletic Injury Terminology Avulsion Fracture

Fibroblastic Repair Phase Fibers are created, causing a scab/scar in the tissue Signs and symptoms of inflammation decrease Increased blood flow during this phase brings nutrients to the injury site – essential for growth This stage can begin 2hrs after injury and last up to 4 wks

A baseball player takes his lead-off from first and attempts to get back to the base when the pitcher throws over. He complains of pain in his right groin area from overstretching. Tension

Mechanical Force Compression What does this picture represent? A force that crushes the tissue Result contusion. What does this picture represent?

Evaluation & Assessment Athletic Injury Terminology Contusion

Evaluation & Assessment Athletic Injury Terminology Dislocation

Mechanical Force Tension A force that stretches or pulls a tissue apart. Result Strain Sprain

Positive Physiological Effects Cardiorespiratory Health Efficiency at using O2 (Oxygen) Endurance & Stamina

Mechanical Force Shearing A force that moves across the parallel plane Result Sprain Strain

Evaluation & Assessment Athletic Injury Terminology Amputation

Maturation-Remodeling Phase Remodeling of the fibers creates scar tissue – according to the force it was subjected to What does this mean? If fibers were laid down properly during Phase 1 and 2, the scar tissue will be strong and return close to normal. If fibroblast stage was too long or too short, the tissue may not return to normal. With increased stress & strain (Rehab); fibers realign in maximum position = parallel to the lines of tension Tissue assumes normal appearance, but not as strong as normal tissue. By the end of 3 wks a firm scar is formed This phase can last up to 3 years

A collision occurs as a defensive lineman tackles a running back A collision occurs as a defensive lineman tackles a running back. The lineman’s helmet hit the running back’s forearm as he is brought to the ground. Compression

Evaluation & Assessment Athletic Injury Terminology Abrasion

Joint Injuries Subluxation A partial disruption of the bones that form a joint. Athletes complain that their joint is “out of socket, but went back in” “Almost out of place” Results in Pain Decreased ROM Possible Deformity

Inflammation process White blood cells are delivered to the site of injured tissue – begin the clean up! Vasoconstriction lasts for 5-10 minutes Chemical mediators then produce dilation – causing swelling Formation of a clot begins – scab/scar This phase lasts 2-4 days after initial injury

Evaluation & Assessment Athletic Injury Terminology Hematoma

A batter is hit in the low back as she turns away from an inside pitch… Compression

Evaluation & Assessment Athletic Injury Terminology Laceration

Positive Physiological Effects Muscle strength Balance & Coordination Falls & Fractures Endurance & Stamina If I have strong muscles then I will have these effects

A volleyball player attempts to spike a ball but misses badly A volleyball player attempts to spike a ball but misses badly. She swings awkwardly & then complains of pain in her hitting shoulder. Tension

Evaluation & Assessment Athletic Injury Terminology Strain

Acute Onset Muscle Soreness Muscle soreness during or shortly after physical activity. Caused by a build up of lactic acid. Resolves quickly.

Evaluation & Assessment Athletic Injury Terminology Sprain

Positive Physiological Effect Bone strength Prevents joint stiffness Strengthens ligaments Helps prevent osteoporosis

Time Span Interpret this graph. What does it mean? 3 2 1: Inflammatory Phase 2: Fibroblastic Phase 3: Maturation-Remodeling Phase 1 Injury 6 Wks Day 4 2-3 Yrs

Delayed Onset Muscle Soreness Muscle soreness which occurs 2 to 3 days after exertion. Caused by small tears in muscle fibers as a result of weightlifting or eccentric exercise. Resolves in 5 – 7 days.

Evaluation & Assessment Athletic Injury Terminology Incision

Positive Physiological Effects Cardiovascular Health Heart strength, endurance & stamina Blood pumped more efficiently Helps prevent cardiovascular disease High Blood Pressure High Cholesterol

Evaluation & Assessment Athletic Injury Terminology Puncture

Negative Physiological Effects INJURIES! Sprains Strains Fractures Stress Fractures Avulsion Fracture Dislocations Tendinitis

A sprinter over strides coming out of the starting block A sprinter over strides coming out of the starting block. She stops and slowly walks off of the track to the infield complaining of pain & tightness in her hamstrings. Tension

Negative Physiological Effects More injuries! Chronic Over Use Contusions Abrasions Lacerations Blisters Heat Illnesses

Joint Injuries Dislocation A complete disruption of the bones that form a joint Results in Pain Deformity Lack of ROM

Joint Injuries Bursa Bursitis A sac which contains synovial fluid located between tendons & bone to make joint’s movement easier. Bursitis Irritation & inflammation of a bursa.

Evaluation & Assessment Athletic Injury Terminology Blister

Positive Physiological Effects Weight Loss & Weight Control Helps prevent & manage diabetes Immune System Helps fight illness & disease

Evaluation & Assessment Athletic Injury Terminology Avulsion

Nerve Injuries Paresthesia An abnormal sensation. Includes numbness, tingling, prickling, burning & stinging. Results in Decreased/increased sensation Possible pain/no pain Decreased strength

Blowout FX

Greenstick FX

Longitudinal

Serrated FX

Transverse FX

Avulsion FX

HOPS/SOAP MAPPS HOPS SOAP Strain vs Sprain

ROM AROM- PROM- RROM- Active Passive Resistive